Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > RNA > Flashcards

RNA Flashcards

1
Q

General features of RNA

A

5’C Single-stranded Shorter chain of nucleotides than DNA Ribose sugar Read 5’ - 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Building Blocks of RNA

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
  • Guanine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RNA Transcription Base Pairing w/ DNA

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What structures can RNA form?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary (fold like proteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the major differences in DNA and RNA structures?

A

DNA

  • Long chains, compacted, stored as chromosomes
  • Double-stranded
  • Deoxy ribose sugar

RNA

  • Short-chains
  • Very unstable
  • Single-stranded
  • Ribose sugar
  • Actions similiar to proteins (enzymatic activity)
  • Complex structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Transcription

A
  • DNA –> RNA
  • ex. copying from a book in the library
  • using the same language
  • mRNA converted to protein in the nucleus
    *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 steps in RNA transcription?

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the steps involved in the initiation step of RNA transcription?

A
  • Find location where to start reading DNA
  • Start signal comes from the promoter region
  • Transcription unit (location of the gene that is being transcribed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the promoter region in RNA transcription?

A
  • 1st step in initiation
  • “TATA” Box
  • Gives the “start here” signal
  • An essential part of DNA but is not transcribed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A
  • Key enzyme in transcription of DNA to mRNA
  • Reads one strand of DNA and builds mRNA
  • Only binds when there are specific transcription factors present in the promoter region
  • Part of the initiation step of RNA transcription
  • No primers or primases required
  • Untwists the DNA strands on it’s own
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Once RNA polymerase binds, it can only synthesize mRNA in the _________ direction.

A
  • 5’ to 3’
  • Using the non-template DNA strand to copy the template DNA strand in the 5’-3’ direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Once transcription factors and _____ are in place, RNA polymerase can bind _____ at the correct place to begin transcript of the _____

A

Promoter region

DNA

Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steps to Initiation of DNA transcription?

A
  1. Transcription factors bind to the promoter region
  2. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region, where TF is bound
  3. DNA strands begin to unwind
  4. RNA polymerase initiates mRNA synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the steps involved in the ELONGATION step of DNA transcription?

A
  • RNA polymerase untwists and seperates the DNA
  • RNA nucleotides enter and pair with DNA template
  • RNA polymerase binds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the DNA molecule
  • New RNA molecule peels away from the DNA and the double-helix reforms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the steps involved in the TERMINATION part of DNA transcription?

A
  • Ends of the genes are recognized by RNA polymerase
  • RNA polymerase just falls off
  • Resulting transcript: pre-mRNA
17
Q

Describe 3 Methods of RNA Processing in Eukaryotes (post-transcriptional modification)

A
  1. Methylation (addittion of a 5’cap to pre-mRNA
  2. Poly-adenylation to 3’ end of pre-mRNA
  3. RNA Splicing
18
Q

Methylation (Alteration @ end of pre-mRNA)

A
  • Stabilize RNA
  • Create a target for mRNA
  • Adding a CH3 group to the 5’ end of phosphate group
  • “Add a methylated 5’ cap to the end of mRNA”
  • Increased stability
  • increased chances of translation to protein
19
Q

Why is RNA processing necessary in animal cells?

A
  • Need to be able to control when/where proteins are produced
  • Can have lots of RNA without having lots of protein
20
Q

Polyadenylation

A
  • 1 of 2 methods of post-transcriptional processing methods.
  • Addition of a poly-A tail to 3’ end of a pre-mRNA
21
Q

RNA splicing

A

Removal of introns from pre-mRNA transcript (non-protein coding sequences)

Result: summation of exons (coding sequences) in mature RNA transcript that will eventually become a protein

Done by splicesosomes

22
Q

Introns

A
  • Non coding sequences on an pre-mRNA transcirpt
  • “non-coding” = doesn’t code for a protein
  • Removed from pre-mRNA
  • Vary in size (50 bp - 3000 bp)
23
Q

Spliceosomes (who, what, where)

A
  • Complex of proteins and several small ribonuclear proteins (rRNA)
  • Recognize splice sites (specific RNA sequences)
  • Job: remove introns and connect exons (coding region)
24
Q

Evolutionary significance of RNA splicing and introns- describe.

A
  • Variety of options for survival
  • RNA splicing allows for the potential variety in proteins produced from splicing a single pre-mRNA
  • Various combinations of exons
  • Increased potential in the number of proteins that an organism can produce.
  • Increases adaptive potential
25
Q

mRNA

A
  • RNA that is the one transcribed into protein
  • 5% of All RNA synthesized
  • Carry gentic info from DNA to cytosol to synthesize proteins
  • Template for Protein Synthesis
26
Q

Different Types of RNA:

A
27
Q

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

A
  • 15%
  • Link btwn AA and codons in mRNA
  • Looks like a highway
  • 2nd and 3rd structure
  • 2 parts: recognizes mRNA & recognizes and synthesizes proteins)
  • 1 specific type of tRNA for each of the 20 AA’s
28
Q

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

A
  • Structural and catalytic component of ribosomes
  • Facilitate the binding and positioning of mRNA on ribosomes
  • 80%
29
Q

ncRNA (non-coding RNA)

A
  • Not translated into a protein
  • Transcripts produced function as structural, catalytic, and regularoty RNA
30
Q

Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to cytosol and acts as a template for protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

A

mRNA

31
Q

What is true regarding transcription in eukaryotes?

A

Splicing is required in order to remove introns from the immature mRNA

32
Q

Why is a neuronal cell different from a fat cell?

A
  • Gene expression regulates development
  • Gene expression is responsible for differences in cell type
33
Q

Control of Gene Expression (where)

A
  • At the level of transcription
  • Via transcription factors
  • TF bind to specific DNA sequences
  • Control the transcription of genetic info from DNA to mRNA
34
Q

Genetic Code (what, why)

A
  • Consists of 3 letter codons on mRNA transcript
  • 3 codons in a sequence = code for an AA
  • DNA can make 64 different codons from 4 nucleotides
35
Q

Codon vs. Reading Frame

A

Codon:

Set of 3 nucleotides that specifies an AA

refers to RNA triplets

Read in the 5’ - 3’ direction

Reading Frame:

The series of nucleotides read in sets of 3

36
Q

Stop Codons

A

3 Options:

UUA

UGA

UAG

Used to terminate translation

37
Q

Start Codon

A

Signifies the start of translation

Codes for methionine

AUG

Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions