RM- Non Experimental Methods

Question 1

Non experimental methods

Answer 1

Observations
Self report
Case studies
Content analysis
Correlations

Question 2

Types of observations

Answer 2

Overt/Covert
Naturalistic/Controlled
Participant/Non-participant

Question 3

Observation

Answer 3

Watching the behaviour of participants and recording when operationalised events happen

Question 4

Participant observation

Answer 4

The observer joins in with the group being watched

Question 5

Non participant observation

Answer 5

The observer stays separate from the group being observed

Question 6

Naturalistic observation

Answer 6

Take place in a the participants normal environment

Question 7

Controlled observations

Answer 7

Take place where variables are controlled by the researcher

Question 8

Covert observation

Answer 8

Undisclosed to the participant

Question 9

Overt observation

Answer 9

Disclosed to the participant

Question 10

Strength of naturalistic observation

Answer 10

High ecological validity

Question 11

Strength of controlled observation

Answer 11

High replicability / test-retest reliability

Question 12

Strength of participant observation

Answer 12

Higher validity as gains more inside information

Question 13

Strength of non participant observation

Answer 13

More detached so less chance of researcher bias

Question 14

Strength of covert observation

Answer 14

Lower risk of demand characteristics

Question 15

Strength of overt observation

Answer 15

More ethical (especially concerning consent)

Question 16

Behavioural categories

Answer 16

Target behaviours broken down into observable actions to make it more standardised with multiple observers

Question 17

Time sampling

Answer 17

Observations made at regular intervals

Question 18

Event sampling

Answer 18

Keeping a tally of each time a behaviour occurs over a longer period of time.

Question 19

Self report techniques

Answer 19

Where a participant gives information about their thoughts, feelings and opinions to a researcher (questionnaires or interviews)

Question 20

Questionnaires

Answer 20

Participants are given a set of written questions and respond themselves

Question 21

Open questions

Answer 21

Participants are free to answer any way they wish
Produces qualitative data

Question 22

Closed questions

Answer 22

There are a fixed number of responses that the participant must choose from
Produces quantitative data

Question 23

Things to avoid in questionnaire writing

Answer 23

Specific jargon
Double barrelled questions
Leading questions

Question 24

Questionnaire evaluation

Answer 24

✅Easily replicable
✅Anonymous
❌Lacks detail
❌No rapport with participant can decrease validity

Question 25

Open question evaluation

Answer 25

✅More detailed ❌Difficult to analyse

Question 26

Closed question evaluation

Answer 26

✅Easy to analyse ❌Lacks detail

Question 27

Interviews

Answer 27

A ‘live’ questioning between the researcher and participant

Question 28

Structured interview

Answer 28

Has pre set questions which are the same for all participants

Question 29

Semi structured interviews

Answer 29

Has a list of set questions but can go off topic and have a more flexible conversation

Question 30

Unstructured interview

Answer 30

Has no set questions and follows a free flowing conversation

Question 31

Structured interview evaluation

Answer 31

✅High replicability ❌No deviation or clarification

Question 32

Unstructured interview evaluation

Answer 32

✅More clarification (higher validity) ❌Risk of interviewer bias