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Sociology RM > RM 1 > Flashcards

RM 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of primary data

A

Observations, interviews, questionnaires and experiments

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2
Q

What is covert

A

Undercover researcher typically used for deviant groups

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3
Q

What is overt

A

The researcher is open about them being a researcher

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4
Q

What is a type of secondary data

A

The internet e.g social media

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5
Q

Non participant

A

Researcher doesn’t join in the group

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6
Q

Qualitative data

A

Words, meanings, opinions

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7
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numerical data- stats, tables, graphs

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8
Q

What is triangulation

A

Methodological pluralism- using more than one method

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9
Q

What does triangulation combine

A

Quantitative and qualitative data

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10
Q

What does triangulation gain

A

Valid and reliable data

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11
Q

What is a longitudinal study

A

Study conducted on same people at regular intervals

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12
Q

Evaluation of longitudinal studies

A

Identifies Trends/correlations, however, participants may drop out or move away and so may be left without sample

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13
Q

process of research design

A

Choose a topic and formulate a hypothesis/aim

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14
Q

What is an aim

A

An aim identifies what the sociologist intends to study and hopes to find out about from the research

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15
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A more specific aim, it finds how the IV affects the DV, identifies cause and effect relationships and correlations

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16
Q

How is a research topic operationalised

A

the researcher needs to convert their concept into something measurable, this needs to be agreed before research starts so that everyone is measuring the same definition

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17
Q

What is a pilot study

A

A small scale study that tests the hypothesis and chosen research methods and makes sure questions are clarified and understood

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18
Q

What do pilot studies ensure

A

Observers are collecting relevant, valid and accurate data and that concepts have been operationalised appropriately

19
Q

What happens when a hypothesis is false

A

We must discard it, which isn’t bad as it shows progress

20
Q

What are hypotheses favored by

A

Positivists

21
Q

What is an advantage of an aim

A

It’s more open-ended and doesn’t tie you to a particular hypothesis

22
Q

Why are aims useful

A

They’re useful at the start of research when we know little about the topic

23
Q

Who favors aims

A

Interpretivists

24
Q

Sociologists operationalise differently

A

Can make it hard to compare findings

25
Q

Why are positivists keen to operationalise concepts

A

Because of the importance they place on creating and testing hypotheses

26
Q

Why are interpretivists not keen to operationalise

A

They’re more interested in actors meanings and definitions rather than the researchers

27
Q

Young and willmott (1962)

A

Carried out over 100 pilot interviews to help them decide their study design

28
Q

What can pilot studies reveal

A

Some questions are badly worded and hard to understand, or that answers are difficult to analyze

29
Q

What do sociologists aim to do

A

Produce a generalization that applies to all cases of the topic they’re interested in

30
Q

Why must sociologists choose a researcher

A

Not enough time/money to include whole population

31
Q

What is a sample

A

A smaller sub-group drawn from the wider group that were interested in

32
Q

What is the purpose of a sample

A

Ensures those chosen are representative or typical of the research population, including those not participating in the study

33
Q

Who is attracted to samples, why?

A

Positivists as it makes general, law-like statements about wider social structure

34
Q

What is the sampling frame

A

A list of all the members of the population were interested in e.g. the electoral register

35
Q

What must the sampling frame be

A

Complete, accurate, and as up to date as possible

36
Q

What is random sampling

A

Sample is selected purely by chance and everyone has an equal chance of selection

37
Q

What should a large enough random sample do

A

Reflect the characteristics of the whole research population, although not all are large enough for this

38
Q

What is quasi-random sampling

A

Every nth person is selected

39
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Breaks down participants in the sampling frame by age, class, gender etc and the sample is then created with the same proportions. E.g. if 20% are under 18, then 20% of sample must be under 18

40
Q

What is quota sampling

A

Stratified as above, and then researchers are given a quota of specific characteristics that p’s must have, which they must fulfill before the study can start

41
Q

Theoretical issues

A

Some researchers choose not to do representative sample due to methodological perspective, interpretivists

42
Q

What is a snowball sample

A

One picks up the sample along the way. P’s asked to suggest someone who may be willing/appropriate for the study. This is particularly useful for hard to reach populations

43
Q

What is a convenience sample

A

Taking what you can get, often volunteers

44
Q

Practical issues

A

Social characteristics of population , may be impossible to find an accurate sampling frame, respondents may refuse to participate

Sociology RM (2 decks)

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