Rle 109 Flashcards
a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment or relief of a symptom or prevention of disease.
MEDICATION
It is also called DRUG.
Medication
written direction and administration of a drug.
PRESCRIPTION
Study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.
PHARMACOLOGY
Book containing a list of products used in medicine, with descriptions of the products, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions.
PHARMACOPEIA
Drugs may have natural sources or may be synthesized in the laboratory.
Drug standard
can be plant derived, mineral derived, animal derived or human derived.
Drugs
FDA
Food and Drug Authority
BFAD
Bureau of Food and Drugs
A person shall be deemed to be practicing nursing within the meaning of RA No. 9173 when he/she singly or in collaboration with another, initiates and performs nursing services to individuals, families and communities in any health care setting.
RA 9173 Section 28.
secondary effect of a drug that is unintended
Side Effect
more severe than side effects, may justify the discontinuation of a drug
Adverse Effect
deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or tissue.
Drug Toxicity
is an immunologic reaction to a drug
Drug Allergy
severe allergic reaction usually occurs immediately after the administration of the drug.
Anaphylactic reaction
exists in a person who has unusually low physiologic response to a drug and requires increased dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect.
Drug Tolerance
is the increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion.
Cumulative Effect
is unexpected effect to individual, under response and over response to a drug
Idiosyncratic effect
occurs when the administration of one drug before, at the same time as, or after another drug alters the effect of one or both drugs.
drug interaction
When two of the same types of drug increase the action of each other, the effect
Additive
occurs when two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug.
synergistic effect
(disease caused unintentionally by medical therapy) can be a result of drug therapy.
Latrogenic disease
improper use of common medications in ways that lead to acute and chronic toxicity.
DRUG MISUSE
inappropriate intake of a substance either continuously or periodically.
DRUG ABUSE
is a person’s reliance on or need to take a drug or substance
Drug dependence
is due to biochemical changes in body tissues especially the nervous system
Physiologic dependence
is emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense of well being. Is the improper use of common medications in ways that leads to acute and chronic toxicity.
Psychological dependence
denotes a mild form of psychological dependence
Drug habituation
street drugs; are those sold illegally; taken because of their mood altering effect.
ILLICIT DRUGS
can be described in terms of its half-life, the time interval required for the body’s elimination processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the body by one-half
action of a drug in the body
manufacturer’s name of the drug.
BRAND NAME
given before a drug becomes official.
GENERIC NAME
Eg. antipyretic, antihypertensive, anticholinergic.
CLASSIFICATION
identifies the structure and composition of the drug. e.g. tablet, suspension, syrup, injectables
MEDICATION FORM
refers to the dosage weight or amount of drug provided in a specific unit of measurement
DOSAGE STRENGTH
Refers to the full quantity contained in a package, bottle or vial.
TOTAL VOLUME
refers to both dosage strength and form
SUPPLY DOSAGE
refers to the site of the body or method of drug delivery into the patient.
ADMINISTRATION ROUTE
refers to the drugs that are dispensed in powder form and must be reconstituted for use.
DIRECTIONS FOR MIXING OR RECONSTITUTING
Warnings printed on the packaging.
LABEL ALERTS
Federal law requires all medications packages to be identified with a lot or control numbers.
LOT OR CONTROL NUMBER
federal law requires that every prescription medication has a unique identifying number.
NATIONAL DRUG CODE (NDC)
Serve to document drug dosing for recordkeeping and stock reorder.
BAR CODE SYMBOLS
are the two official national lists of approved drugs. Placed after the generic drug name. “Generic Drug Name, USP”
UNITED STATE PHARMACOPEIA and NATIONAL FORMULARY
package in a single capsule / tablet separately in a blister pack
UNIT DOSE LABEL
combination of two or more drugs in one form
COMBINATION DRUGS
is the process by which a drug passes into the blood-stream. Unless the drug is administered directly into the bloodstream.
Absorption
is the first step in the movement of the drug through the body.
Absorption
can vary according to the time of day, foods ingested, use of antacid medications, and the age of the client.
Acidity
is the transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action.
Distribution
also called detoxification or metabolism, is a process by which a drug is converted to a less active form.
Biotransformation
is the process by which metabolites and drugs are eliminated from the body
Excretion
indicates that the medication is to be given immediately and only once
Stat Order
- is for medication to be given once at a specified time
Single Order or One Time Order
may or may not have termination date, may be carried out indefinitely
Standing Order
permits the nurse to give medication when, in the nurse’s judgement, the client requires it.
PRN or as Needed
apply indefinitely until the prescriber writes an order to alter or discontinue the medication
Standard Written Orders
are protocols that hospitals use for discontinuing medications after a certain length of time.
Automatic Stop Date
Read the MAR and remove the medication(s) from the client’s drawer. Verify that the client’s name and room number match the MAR.
FIRST CHECK
While preparing the medication (e.g., pouring, drawing up, or placing unopened package in a medication cup), look at the medication label and check against the MAR.
SECOND CHECK
Recheck the label on the container (e.g., vial, bottle, or unused unit-dose medications) against the MAR before returning to its storage place OR before giving the medication to the client
THIRD CHECK
found within the cells of the body
contains solutes such as oxygen, electrolytes and glucose
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
found outside the cells and accounts 1/3 of total body fluid
Extracellular fluid (ECF
are charged particles capable of conducting electricity
ELECTROLYTES
positively charged
- Na, K, Ca, Mg
Cations
negatively charged
- CI, bicarbonate HCO3, phosphate HPO4, sulfate SO4
Anions
is the movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution
Osmosis
the concentration solutes in body fluids
Osmolality
used to refer to the molality of a solution
Tonicity
solution has the same osmolality as body fluids ex. Normal saline or 0.9% sodium chloride
Isotonic
solutions have higher osmolality than body fluids ex. 3% NaCl
Hypertonic
solutions have lower osmolality than body fluids ex. ½ normal saline or 0.45% NaCl
Hypotonic
is the power of a solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
is the continual intermingling of molecules in liquids, gasses, or solids brought about by the random movement of the molecules
Diffusion
movement of substances across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one. ex. Sodium - potassium pump
Active Transport
average adult drink -
1,500ml / day
charged ions capable of conducting electricity
present in all body fluids and fluid compartment
REGULATING ELECTROLYTE
maintaining fluid balance
contributing acid-base regulation
facilitating enzyme reactions
transmitting neuromuscular reaction
Electrolytes
Most abundant cation in ECF
Major contributor to serum osmolality
Bacon, ham, processed foods and salt
Sodium (Na+)
Major cation in ICF
Vital for skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle activity
Fruits and vegetables, meat, fish
Potassium (K+)
Abundant in skeletal system, small amount in ECr
Vital in regulating muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular function and cardiac function
ECF Ca regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcitriol
Calcium (Ca+)
Found in skeleton and ICF
Important in production and use of ATP, protein and DNA synthesis within cells
Cereal grains, nuts, dried fruits, legumes and green leafy veg.
Magnesium (Mg+)
Major anion of ECF
Function with Na to regulate serum osmolality and blood volume
Acts as a buffer in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in RBC
Chloride (CI-)
Major anion of ICF
Essential for functioning of muscles, nerves and RBC, metabolism of protein, fat, and CHO
Meat, fish, poultry, milk products and legumes
Phosphate (PO4)
is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
ACIDS
or alkaline have low hydrogen ion concentration
BASES
water & electrolytes gained or lost in equal
Isotonic
gained or lost of water only
Osmolar
water & electrolytes lost in equal proportions
Fluid Volume Deficit
water and electrolytes retained in equal proportion
Fluid Volume Excess
dehydration
Hyperosmolar Imbalance
water excess / overhydration
Hyposmolar Imbalance
Relieves the symptoms of a disease but does not affect the disease itself.
Palliative
Cures a disease or condition.
Curative
Supports body function until other treatments or the body’s response can take over.
Supportive
Replaces body fluids or substances.
Substitutive
Destroys malignant cells.
Chemotherapeutic
Returns the body to health.
Restorative
