Bioethics Flashcards
focuses more on the consequences of the actions.
- does not focus on the actions itself
Teleology
Kantian Ethics” - whole act itself
- focus on the act itself
- expected to do it
- right thing to do
- things that we try to justify because we believe that is the right thing to do
Deontology
assume that everything goes as planned.
Hypothetical Imperative
Ist stage: “universality” try to assess if everyone will do the action what will be the result. Not everyone has the same condition with the hypothetical. 2nd stage: “human dignity”
Categorical Imperative
greater good
- if it does benefit the many, it is good.
- win should always be greater than loss
Utilitarianism
-choose to do the action because it leads to the desired outcome.
- action is good as it leads to the desired result
Pragmatism
is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture
Ethical Relativism
(in Kantian moral philosophy) the capacity of an agent to act in accordance with objective morality rather than under the influence of desires.
- rights
- “informed consent”
- capability to make decision
- elements
- disclose the information to the client
- competency
- documentation
Autonomy
truth telling”
- “I-thou” relationship
Veracity
- the state of keeping or being kept secret or private.”
- the lead bank’s duty of confidentiality to the borrower”
- do not share information
- Not absolute
Confidentiality
Breach of Confidentiality
Threat of Harm
Legal Requirement/court order
Patient Consent
Member of the healthcare team
-Confidentiality
-Veracity (truth telling and right to information)
Ethical principles
-Considers the patient as a person with a problem
-The patient is a person with feelings of and despair, with purpose and defeat. As such, one has the right to know the nature of one’s disease
Person-centered Approach
Stresses the nature of the problem or the degree and severity of the patient’s illness
Considers the patient’s problem, illness or condition
Problem-centered Approach
Describes a person’s relationship with things, objects or “its”. man – object or subject-object relationship
“I – It” Relationship
Relationship with other persons – ourselves and other people.
I – Thou” Relationship
Refers to the medical or professional secrecy in which certain information is committed to a physician or health care provider in an official capacity for the sake of medical assistance
CONFIDENTIALITY
From the latin “confidere”
to trust
arises if and when there is a conflict between individual interest (patient’s interest) and the interest of the society (common good).
moral issue of confidentiality
If the physician acts to protect the patient’s trust, then he is violating the law If the physician acts according to the law, then he violates the confidence of his patient
Dilemma
The word autonomy comes from the Greek ‘auto-nomos’
‘self-rule’ or ‘self-determination’
is based on the human capacity to direct one’s life according to rational principles.
autonomy
are considered as being ends in themselves in that they have the capacity to determine their own destiny, and as such must be respected.
Autonomous people
is the basis for the practice of “informed consent” in the transaction regarding health care.
The principle of AUTONOMY
-is based on the moral and legal premise of patient autonomy
-is the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention.
Informed consent
Informed consent carries two main functions:
Protective and participative
You must have the capacity (or ability) to make the decision.
Informed Consent
There is disclosure or full information of the matter
• health care provider must give (or disclose) to you all relevant
information so that you can make an informed decision
Disclosure
• consent form should be signed and dated both by the
healthcare provider and patient
• parents would sign for their child
• copy can be requested by the patient
Documentation of Consent
is a legal term used to indicate that a person has
the ability to make and be held accountable for their
decisions.
Competency
The term is often used loosely in medicine to indicate whether
a person has decision-making capacity, as described previously.
Competency
positive pole of nonmaleficence
It means to do good , to provide a benefit
hinges on the other duties such as fair play, keeping promises, role commitments ,reciprocity
Beneficence
evil or harm should not be inflicted either on oneself or on others
Nonmaleficence
It implies a sense of duty to treat all people without bias to age, socio-economic status, race, or gender.
Justice
is an excellent trait of character
are attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential.
Possessing a virtue is a matter of degree
VIRTUE
Focuses on the person rather than the action
Character-based ethics
not only deals with the rightness or wrongness of individual actions
Moreover, it provides guidance as to the sort of characteristics and behaviors a good person will seek to achieve
VIRTUE ETHICS
is the ability of oneself to identify in the situation of others.
is a trait of active regard for others welfare with imaginative awareness and emotional response of deep sympathy, tenderness, and discomfort at another person’s suffering.
Compassion
is confident belief in and reliance upon the ability and moral character of another person.
It entails a confidence that another will act with right motives in accord with moral norms.
It is measured by recognition of nurse’s consistency and predictability in following morals. norms
Trustworthiness
means soundness, reliability, wholeness and integration of moral character.
A person with—- has consistency of convictions, actions, and emotions and is trustworthy.
-is compromised when a nurse acts inconsistently or in a way not supported by moral beliefs.
Integrity
To treat situations of human activity within which one is forced to deal with the occurrence of both good and evil as results of a moral decision and subsequent action.
PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMATE COOPERATION
WHAT IT SAYS
TWO THINGS:
FORMAL COOPERATION
MATERIAL COOPERATION
WHEN YOU SHARE THE OTHER PERSON’S EVIL INTENT
COULD INVOLVE APPROVING OR TAKING PART IN IT
‘IT’S NEVER MORALLY PERMISSIBLE, ACCORDING TO CHURCH (YOUR INTENT/OBJECT IS BAD)
FORMAL COOPERATION
YOU DO NOT SHARE THE OTHER PERSON’S EVIL INTENT, BUT YOU STILL COOPERATE.
MATERIAL COOPERATION
WHEN YOU PARTICIPATE IN A WAY THAT’S ESSENTIAL TO THE COMMISSION (COMPLETION) OF THE EVIL ACT
NEVER MORALLY PERMISSIBLE (YOU AND THE OTHER PERSON SHARE THE SAME OBJECT)
IMMEDIATE MATERIAL COOPERATION
WHEN YOU PARTICIPATE IN A WAY THAT’S NOT ESSENTIAL TO THE COMMISSION (COMPLETION) OF THE EVIL ACT.
MEDIATE MATERIAL COOPERATION
Refers to the expression of one’s responsibility to take care of, nurture and cultivate what has been entrusted to him.
PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP
