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Geography SL > Rivers (Drainage Basins, Discharge & Processes, Long Profile & Landforms) > Flashcards

Rivers (Drainage Basins, Discharge & Processes, Long Profile & Landforms) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

The area of land drained by a river

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of systems? (With explanation)

A
  1. isolated- NO input or output of energy
  2. Closed- there is input, output and transfer of energy but not of matter
  3. Open- inputs AND outputs of both energy and matter
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3
Q

When input and output of the system is balanced, it is called…

A

Dynamic equilibrium

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4
Q

What is evapotranspiration?

A

combination of evaporation and transpiration

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5
Q

How is water balance calculated?

A

Precipitation = runoff + evapotranspiration (P = Q + E)

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6
Q

What is recharge?

A

After a period of deficiency, precipitation will occur and replace the lost water in the soil

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7
Q

What is field capacity?

A

The maximum amount of water that the soil can hold before it becomes saturated

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8
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The movement of water in the soil layers

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9
Q

What is the interception zone?

A

Underground rock strata which are saturated and contain few or no air spaces

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10
Q

What is stem flow/ drip?

A

Movement of water vegetation to the ground surface

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11
Q

What is the zone of aeration?

A

Underground strata of rock which contain air spaces and allow the passage of water

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12
Q

What is channel flow?

A

Movement of water confined within a stream

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13
Q

What is a water table?

A

The upper layer of saturated rock (it may move between seasons and years)

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14
Q

What is base flow?

A

The slow movement of water underground under by gravity, by a process of gradual seepage through saturated rock

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15
Q

What is through flow?

A

The movement of water through the soil, either under gravity, or parallel to the ground surface

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16
Q

What is overland flow?

A

The movement of water over the ground surface (aka. Surface runoff)

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17
Q

What is the hydrological cycle?

A

The processes by which water moves through the landscape

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18
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water through plant cells into the atmosphere

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19
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A water reserve

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20
Q

What does an aquifer do?

A

Maintain stream flow during extended dry spells

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21
Q

What is a feedback loop?

A

When a system loses and attempts to regain its balance

22
Q

How do negative feedback loops attempt to regain equilibrium?

A

reducing inputs or increasing outputs

23
Q

How do positive feedback loops attempt to regain equilibrium?

A

rather than stabilizing a system, they drive it further toward one extreme or another

24
Q

What are some examples of physical consequences of water stored in ice and oceans?

A
  • increased coastal erosion
  • more extensive coastal inundation
  • higher storm
25
Q

What are some human consequences of water stored in ice and oceans?

A
  • increased loss of property
  • increased flood risk
  • damage to coastal protections
26
Q

What is river discharge?

A

The volume of water flowing through a river channel

27
Q

What is the equation for Cross Sectional Area (CSA)?

A

Width x average depth

28
Q

What is wetted perimeter?

A

Where water is in contact with river bed & banks

29
Q

What is the equation for hydraulic radius?

A

Cross sectional Area/ wetted perimeter

30
Q

What are the 2 types of flow in a river?

A
  1. Laminar flow
  2. Turbulent flow
31
Q

Turbulent flow is also known as…

A

Helicoidal flow

32
Q

What is helicoidal flow?

A

A cork screw motion of water

33
Q

What does the manning’s ‘n’ show?

A

The higher the number, the rougher the river bed & banks ae

34
Q

What are the 4 main types of erosion that occur in a river?

A
  1. Attrition
  2. Abrasion
  3. Hydraulic action
  4. Solution
35
Q

What is abrasion?

A

The wearing away of the bed and bank by the load carried in a river

36
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Force of air and water on the sides of rivers and in cracks

37
Q

What is attrition?

A

The wearing away of the load carried by the river

38
Q

What is solution? (Corrosion)

A

The removal of chemical ions, especially calcium

39
Q

What are the 2 types of erosion?

A
  1. Vertical erosion
  2. Lateral erosion
40
Q

What are the factors affecting rates of erosion?

A
  • load
  • velocity
  • gradient
  • geology
  • pH
  • human impact
41
Q

What encourages deposition?

A
  • reduction in river gradient
  • reduction in discharge
  • shallow water
  • increase in size of load
  • flooding
  • change in width/ shape of material
42
Q

What is suspension?

A

Tiny particles that can remain suspended in the water

43
Q

What is saltation?

A

Particles that are too large to become suspended, may be lifted and dropped and gradually move downstream

44
Q

What is traction?

A

Large stone that slide when river flows are fast

45
Q

What does the Hjulstrom Curve show?

A

The relationship between the river velocity & size of particles

46
Q

What is competence?

A

The heaviest particles a stream can carry

47
Q

What is sequential deposition?

A

Largest fragments deposited first, followed by smaller particles

48
Q

What is a cross profile?

A

The side view shape of a river including width

49
Q

Describe the landforms found in the upper course of a river

A
  • V shaped valley
  • Potholes
  • Waterfalls
  • Interlocking spurs
50
Q

How is a waterfall created?

A
  1. There are 2 bounds of rock (soft & hard)
  2. Soft rock is eroded, creating a plunge pool
  3. River further erodes the soft rock
  4. Overhang will eventually collapse (gravity)
  5. retreats upstream
51
Q

Describe the landforms found in the middle course

A
  • meander
  • oxbow lake
52
Q

Describe the landforms that are found in the lower course

A
  • floodplain
  • levees
  • delta

Geography SL (4 decks)

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