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geography gcse year 11 > rivers > Flashcards

rivers Flashcards

1
Q

drainage basin parts?

A
  • source of river
  • water shed
  • tributaries
  • main river channel
  • confluence
    mouth
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2
Q

watershed?

A

line of seperation between two river basins

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3
Q

confluence?

A

where 2 rivers meet

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4
Q

mouth of river?

A

where the river enters the sea

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5
Q

source of river?

A

where a river starts

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6
Q

tributary?

A

a river that joins a larger river

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7
Q

3 parts of river?

A
  • upper coarse
  • middle coarse
  • lower course
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8
Q

characteristics of upper coarse?

A
  • hydraulic action
  • abrasion and attrition
  • traction
  • saltation
  • loag size is large and angular
  • v shaped
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9
Q

characteristics of middle coarse?

A
  • channel deaper and wider
  • lateral erosion and deposition
  • suspension
  • load becomes smaller and less angular
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10
Q

characteristics of lower coarse?

A
  • channel is wide and tidal
  • deposition more importabt than erosion
  • fine material deposited
  • large amount of load which is very small and rounded
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11
Q

what does the brad shaw model show?

A

the changes that occur as a river flow from source to mouth

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12
Q

erosional processes?

A
  • abrasion
  • attrition
  • hydraulic action
  • solution
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13
Q

abrasion?

A

rocks act like sand paper

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14
Q

attrition?

A

When rocks that the river is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

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15
Q

solution?

A

When the water dissolves certain types of rocks

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16
Q

what are the 5 transportation processes?

A
  • suspension
  • saltation
  • solution
  • traction
  • flotation
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17
Q

suspension?

A

small particals flow in the river

18
Q

saltation?

A

rocks bounce along the bed

19
Q

solution?

A

the chemicals dissolve the load in the water

20
Q

traction?

A

heavy rocks roll along the bed

21
Q

flotation?

A

leaves and twigs are carried on the surface of the river

22
Q

formation of waterfall?

A
  • soft rock erodes quicker under cutting the hard rock
  • hard rock left over hanging and colapses because of no support
  • rock falls into the plunge pool
  • rocks swirl around in plunge pool causing more erosion
23
Q

formation of v shaped valleys?

A
  • river erodes downwards
  • boulders and rocks scrape along the channel making step valley sides
  • when the river cuts down the steep sides are attacked by weathering this breaks up and loosens soil
  • loosened material move down the valley sides creating the v shape
24
Q

formation of potholes?

A
  • hollow formed in river bed from abrasion or hydraulic action
  • once the whole is large enough a pebble falls inside
  • abrasion makes the pebble erode
  • hydraulic action forms a swirling motion on the hollow making it deeper and cylindrical
25
Q

hydraulic action

A

water as it smashes against the river banks. Air becomes trapped in the cracks of the river bank and bed and causes the rock to break apart.

26
Q

formation of meander and oxbow lake?

A
  • The river is eroding laterally (from side to side).
  • the river forms small bends called meanders
  • The river flows faster on the outside bends and erodes them.
  • Continual erosion and deposition narrows the neck of the meander.
  • The river continues on its straighter path and the meander is abandoned.
  • New deposition seals off the ends and the cut-off becomes an oxbow lake that will eventually dry up.
27
Q

formation of flood plain levees?

A
  • as a river reaches the end of its journey, energy levels are low and deposition takes place.
  • The river will now have a wide floodplain.
  • A floodplain is the area around a river that is covered in times of flood.
  • Every time that a river floods its banks, it will deposit more silt on the flood plain.
  • A build-up of silt on the banks of a river can create levees, which raise the river bank.
28
Q

formation of delta?

A
  • A river carrying sediment reaches the sea or a lake.
    It loses energy and deposits material.
  • The sediment may be sorted as the heaviest material is deposited first.
  • Over time, more and more sediment is added.
  • If the tides are strong enough the sediment will be washed away.
  • If not, it will build up a delta at the mouth of the river.
29
Q

physical causes of floods?

A
  • rain
  • ice melt
  • snow melt
  • earthquake
30
Q

human causes of floods?

A
  • impermeable surface in urban area
  • urbanisation and urban growth
  • human induced climate change
  • bridges, dams
31
Q

opportunities for living near rivers?

A
  • fishing
  • job opporunities
  • fertile soil
  • trade
  • transportation
  • hygiene
32
Q

flood management strategies?

A
  • dams
  • artificial levees
  • wind dykes
  • afforestation
  • flood plain zoning
  • wetland restoring
33
Q

positive and negatives of dams?

A

a giant wall built across rivers to channel to prevent flow. water builds up behind the damn and forms a resovouir which can be drained.

positive:

  • generate hydro electric power
  • resovouir formed behind the dam can be used for drinking or leisure

negative:

  • most expensive hard engineering techniques
  • require access to raw materials
  • destroys habitats
  • forces people out their home
  • can form deltas
34
Q

artificial levees

A

act as embankments extending channels height

positive:
- allows flood plain to be built on
negative:

  • encourage development of flood plain which increases risks of flooding
  • if they fail damage will be worse
35
Q

wind dykes

A

places on either side of channel with a gap between them. reduces risk of flooding by getting water away from an area preventing build up of water.

positive:
- aid navigation

negative:

  • increase risk of flooding
  • only useful in sparsely populated areas
36
Q

flood plain zoning

A

placing restrictions on land usage in the areas surrounding a river.

positives:

  • reduces risk of flooding
  • land on flood plain isn’t urbanized so surface run off is reduced

negative:

  • limits development to certain areas
37
Q

afforestation

A

increase interception aand storage while reducing surface run off.

positive:

  • new habitats for animals
  • improving water quality by filtering pollutants out of rain water

negative:

  • requires lots of space
  • could prove unpopular farmers on the flood plain because they wont be happy with trees sapping nutrients from soil
38
Q

wetland restoration

A

wetlands store large volumes of water which reduces discharge in a river.

positive:

  • creating new habitats for animals and increase biodiversity
    negative:

reduces the area for farming through which makes them unpopular among farmers

39
Q

CASE STUDY: The Nile Delta

opportunities:

A
  • delta covers 25,000km^2
  • home to 66% of nations food supply
  • population density of 16,000 people per km^2
  • 95% of Egypt’s agricultural production comes from the Nile valley
40
Q

CASE STUDY: The Nile Delta

hazards:

A
  • more people on delta more pollution
  • excessive irrigation has led to waterlogging
  • lots of fertilizer and pesticides leaked into watercourses along the delta
  • because sediment is trapped behind high Aswan dam farmers spend up to 80% of profits on fertilizers
  • coastal erosion erodes 100 m per year of river
  • predictions suggest 70% drop in nile water in the next 50 years
41
Q

CASE STUDY: The Nile Delta

managing:

A
  • 900km of levees between Aswan and Cairo and 200km between Cairo and coast
  • first major storage project was Aswan dam in 1968 and guaranteed supply of 84km of water needed for culture
  • some scientists are calling for early warning systems to predict floods in the NIle

geography gcse year 11 (4 decks)

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