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geography gcse year 11 > population and migration > Flashcards

population and migration Flashcards

1
Q

number of people living on earth

A

7.7 billion

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2
Q

how to calculate natural increase or decrease

A

Birth Rate - Death Rate

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3
Q

how to calculate the net increase

A

(birth rate - death rate) +/- migration

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4
Q

what does describe mean

A

say what you see

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5
Q

what does explain mean

A

give a reason for

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6
Q

how to describe diagrams

A

Trend: General statement (what happens)
Example: comparison ( compare data using data)
Anomaly: identity what stands out

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7
Q

birth rate?

A

number of live births per year per 1000 of the population

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8
Q

death rate?

A

number of people who die per year per 1000 of the population

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9
Q

natural increase?

A

the difference between the birth and dearth rate

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10
Q

infant mortality rate

A

number of infants that die before their first birthday

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11
Q

life expectancy

A

the average age of someone is expected to live to in a particular place or country

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12
Q

factors affecting high birth rate

A
  • poor access to health care
  • high infant mortality rate
  • lack of contraception because of acces/cost/education
  • children needed for work and to look after family
  • poor education of women
  • HIV/AIDS
  • tradition
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13
Q

factors affecting high death rate

A
  • medicine, lack of medicine, cost available
  • access to food, fresh clean water
  • disease because of hygiene
  • poor hygiene
  • natural disasters
  • war
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14
Q

factors affecting low birth rate

A
  • children cost lots of money
  • low infant mortlity rate
  • materialism
  • women choose to work over starting a family
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15
Q

factors affecting low death rate

A
  • improvement to medical care
  • improvements in sanitization and water supply which reduces spread of disease
  • quality and quantity of food produced improves
  • transport and communications improve movement of food and medical supply
  • decrease infant mortality which decreases birth rate
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16
Q

what is an ageing population

A

low birth rate and low death rate which has many old people

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17
Q

CASE STUDY- kenya high rate of natural population growth

why has kenya population increased rapidly?

A
  • high number of birth per women, average 3.9 children per women in 2016 but in 2009 was 4.6 and world average is 2.5
  • falling death rates, kenya infant mortality rate decreased to 39/1000 compared to africa everage of 57/1000
  • life expectancy has increased gradually, in 2016 life expectancy was over 62 compared with africa with 60 years
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18
Q

CASE STUDY- kenya high rate of natural population growth

common knowledge?

A
  • kenya has a high population growth
  • 1969 10.9 million —> 38.6 million more than 3X
  • in 2016 population was 45.4 million
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19
Q

CASE STUDY- kenya high rate of natural population growth

what does family planning show?

A
  • women with more education have fewer kids
  • fewer then 1/2 of births are attended skilled provider
  • poorest women have the highest unmet need for family planning
  • many adolescents have sex before age of 15
  • birth spacing of 2 years has a big impact on child health and well being
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20
Q

CASE STUDY- population decline in russia

population facts

A
  • population peaked in 1991 with 148 million people
  • 2016 population was 144 million
  • estimated population in 2050 is 111 million
  • loosing 700, 000 - 800, 000 people per year
  • over 1.5 million abortion per year
  • death rate of 15/1000
  • life expectancy for men is 66 years and 77 years for women
  • high death rate in men because of alcaholism and smoking and poverty and HIV/ AIDS
  • government has urged russia to have more children
  • 13 abortions for every 10 births
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21
Q

how to calculate population density

A

population / area

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22
Q

factors affecting population density

A
  • towns and nations are around water
  • fertile land
  • good climate
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23
Q

sparsely populated?

A

few people in large area

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24
Q

densely populated?

A

many people in a small area

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25
Q

densely populated countries

A

singapour: 7,148 per km^2
bahrain: 1,900 per km^2
bangladesh: 1,115 people per km^2

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26
Q

sparsely populated countries:

A

australia 3 per km^2
greenland 0.03 per km^2
saudi arabia 14 per km^2

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27
Q

CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north america

common knowledge

A
  • population density of 35 per km^2 in USA

- canada has 4 per km^2

28
Q

CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north america

why area is sparsely populated?

A
  • very few people live in cold, dry and mountain regions
29
Q

CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north america

canadian northlands sparsely

A
  • low temp explans why 75% of canadians live within 160 km of the main border within usa
  • winters are cold with below -20 degrees in january
  • summers are short
  • most of the northlands are affected by perma frost
  • ground is permeable for 300 metres depth
  • in summer the top metre thaws causing marshy waterlogged escape
  • great distances from communities in the north lands and the environmental conditions create difficulties for transportation development
  • in yellow knife there is a pop of 19,000 was founded in 1935
  • air transport is the only link they have to outside world
30
Q

CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north America

northeast of the USA densely populated

A
  • in 1960 Boston and Washington had reached a level of a megalopolis
  • other main cities are new york, Philadelphia and Baltimore.
  • new york is the most densely populated city with 8.4 million population
  • population in new york is more than the whole of canadian northlands
  • region has many smaller urban areas with density of 100 per km^2
  • rural parts of region are fertile and are intesely farmed
  • many people in rural areas commute to work in cities
31
Q

optimum population?

A

the population is maximizing the benefits from resources available

32
Q

overpopulation?

A

resources cannot sustain current population

33
Q

under population?

A

population cannot fully utilize resources available

34
Q

indication that human population is on limits of earths resources

A
  • 1/4 of children in the world are protein malnutritioned
  • long term for grain production is falling
  • 40% of agricultural land is moderately degraded
  • 9% of land is highly degraded
35
Q

CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country

knowledge

A
  • small and resource poor country
  • land area of 147,000 km^2
  • 244,000 km^2 in uk
  • population of bangladesh is 163 million compared to 66 million in UK
36
Q

CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country

Causes

A
  • shortage of resources and supplies that people need
  • problems with transport
  • bad sanitisation
  • diseases spread
  • economic inflation
  • high birth rate
  • high infant mortality rate
  • large families are an asset
37
Q

CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country

consequences

A
  • infertile soil
  • pressure on resources
  • pollution
  • lack of jobs
38
Q

CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country

how can it be managed

A
  • give education on contraception and make it available for all
  • educate youth on benefits of less children
  • improve health care
  • improve family planning
  • develop education system
39
Q

CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country

causes

A
  • extreme temperatures over 40 degrees celsius, lack of rainfalll and infertile soil
  • access to water in the desert is difficuly and expensive
  • attraction for country is that its wide open and unspoiled
  • australia does not have a good reputation with dealing indigienous and aboriginal populations
40
Q

CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country

economic consequences

A
  • shortage of workerds
  • unable to exploit resources
  • less innovation and development
  • less people paying tax, 43% of labour force retire in 20 years
  • taxes will be raised to fund retirement
41
Q

CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country

social consequences

A
  • schools and hospitals will close

- public transport will close because of less consumers

42
Q

CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country

solutions

A
  • encourafe immigration
  • give benefits for people with kids
  • new technology to provide fresh water
  • solar and wind development will create jobs in the desert
43
Q

pro natalist

A

encourage birth

44
Q

anti natalist

A

disencourage birth

45
Q

CASE STUDY: anti natalist china

history

A
  • after 1949 population growth was encourged for economic reasons
  • abortion was banned and families got beneffit payment for every child
    -1964 600 million people
    first bith control programme was in 1956
    -1964 new birth control
  • birth rate peaked from 45/1000 1966-1971
  • one child policy was made because of 700 million population
46
Q

CASE STUDY: anti natalist china

advantages of one child policy

A
  • total fertilization fell from 6 to 1.7
  • population growth rate fell from 2.6% to 0.6%
  • birth rates have fallen from 45 to 13
  • easy access to contraception increased
  • 350 million births prevented
47
Q

CASE STUDY: anti natalist china

disadvantages

A
  • critisizm on human rights
  • boys have been favoured and female kids have been killed
  • sex imbalance in china 117:100
  • many children abondened
  • children become spoilt (little emporers syndrome)
  • open to corruption
  • population still 1.3 billion
48
Q

CASE STUDY: pro-natalist french ‘‘code de famille’’

history

A
  • began in 1939
  • cash incentives for stay home mom’s
  • priveleged holidays for free
  • maternity leave while being payed normal amount
  • 30% reduction on public transports for families with 3 kids
49
Q

CASE STUDY: pro-natalist french ‘‘code de famille’’

what did it achieve

A
  • france has the 2nd highest fertility rate in europe
  • 2007 france celebrated biggest baby boom since 1980s
  • france had more babies in 2006 then in the last quarter century
50
Q

what does wide top mean in population pyramid

A

high life expectancy

larger portion of population is elderly dependants

51
Q

what does wide sides mean in population pyramid?

A

low death rate

52
Q

what does narrow base mean in population pyramid?

A

low birth rate

lower proportion is young dependants

53
Q

what does high pyramid mean in population pyramid mean

A

higher the pyramid the longer people live

54
Q

what do bulges mean o the population pyramid

A

immigration period

55
Q

issues of an ageing population

A
  • high death rate
  • low birth rate
  • high amounts of money speant on healthcare causing low spread of money for education
56
Q

positives of ageing population

A
  • unemployment rates cause less pressure on jobs
  • family support: less pressure on jobs
  • communities: volunteering
57
Q

CASE STUDY: japan ageing population

causes

A
  • lowered birth rates
  • later marriges ( men 30.7) and ( women 29)
  • smaller living spaces
  • dedication to raising healthy children
  • high employment rates for women
  • excellent health care
  • good diets
  • high quality life
58
Q

CASE STUDY: japan ageing population

effects

A
  • japan will shrink from 127 million to 95 million in 2050
  • health care and nursing home will be 12% of gdp, 1 trillion dollors
  • work force will fall 15% in next 20 years and half in next 50 years
59
Q

CASE STUDY: japan ageing population

management

A
  • free child care from ages 3-5
  • free education for children between 3-5
  • bandai corp has issued 10, 000 dollors for every child after the first child
  • relaxed immigration laws to allow young people to move to japan and increase working population
60
Q

CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa

pull factors for USA (positives)

A
  • excellent medical facilities (400 per doctor)
  • well paid jobs (gdp: 46, 860 dollors)
  • literacy rate is 99%
  • life expectancy 76 yrs
  • many jobs available for low paid
  • family links
61
Q

CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa

push factors (negative for mexico)

A
  • poor medical facilities ( 1800 per doctor)
  • low paid jobs (gdp 14, 000 dollors)
  • life expectancy 72 years
  • 40% unemployed
  • unhappy life
  • shortage of food
  • poor farming conditions
  • literacy rate 55% (very bad)
62
Q

CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa

negative impacts on USA

A
  • costs USA millions of dollors
  • mexicans seen as a drain on economy
  • migrants make wages low (bad for americans)
  • ## 70% of prisoners in usa are mexican
63
Q

CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa

positive impacts for USA

A
  • mexican cultrue enriches US boarder states with food
  • educated mexicans bring skills and expertise to usa
  • allows americans to get cheaper homes
64
Q

CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa

negative impacs for mexico

A
  • mexican country side has shortage of economically active people
  • ## young people leave old and young eg. one city lost 2/3 of people living there
65
Q

CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa

positive impacts for mexico

A
  • legal and illegal immigrants send 6 billion dollors back to mexico
  • weekly average money in mexico is 60 dollors 1/3 of USA

geography gcse year 11 (4 decks)

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