Rivers

Question 1

Describe the shape of a upper course long profile

Answer 1

Steep gradient
On moutains/ higher ground
Small river volume
Slow river flow-rocks and boulders provide friction
Near the source

Question 2

Describe the long profile of the middle course

Answer 2

Gentle gradient
Increase in speed and volume of river
Begins the meander
Comes of hills onto floodplain

Question 3

Describe long profile of lower course

Answer 3

Almost flat
Greatest volume of water
Fastest flow
Flows out to sea
Floodplain

Question 4

Cross profile of the upper course

Answer 4

Small river-shallow
Narrow channel
V shape valley-deep and steep sided
Turbulent from rocks
Vertical erosion

Question 5

Cross profile of the middle course

Answer 5

U shape valley-smaller and less steep
Wider and deeper channel
Increased speed
Lateral erosion
Tributaries= increased energy of river

Question 6

Cross profile of lower course

Answer 6

Very flat and wide valley
Fastest flow- lots of energy
Lateral erosion
Lots of deposition when meet the sea
Floodplain
Greatest volume of water- wide and deep channel

Question 7

What is the hydro logical cycle

Answer 7

A closed system- water can’t be added or lost it just changes state

Question 8

What is the definition of a river

Answer 8

A large natural stream where water is held before flowing out to sea

Question 9

What are the different states of water in the hydro cycle

Answer 9

Water vapour (clouds) to rain to the river to the sea (+ice)

Question 10

How does water move in the hydro cycle

Answer 10

Precipitation
Evaporation 
Surface run off
Infiltration- through the soil
perculation - through ground rock

Question 11

Why does deposition occur

Answer 11

The velocity of the river decrease so it has less energy to carry/transport its load
Larger rocks are deposited when river has a lot of energy for traction
Sediment is deposited further downstream
Lots of deposition at the mouth, where there is interaction between the tides and a gentle gradient

Question 12

What rock does there need to be for a waterfall to form

Answer 12

Hard on top of soft

Question 13

When does a gorge form

Answer 13

When the waterfall retreats leaving a steep sided gorge behind

Question 14

What are leeves and what do they act as

Answer 14

Leeves are embankments that follows the course of the river, along the channel and is made from transported material, deposited in a flood. They build up in layers

They act as a natural flood defence by deepening the river channel

Question 15

What is a meander

Answer 15

A naturally occurring bend in a river

Question 16

Where does the water flow fastest in the river

Answer 16

On the outside of the bend= erosion

Question 17

What 8 factors affect river discharge and flooding

Answer 17

Temperature
Precipitation
Previous weather
Land use-urbanisation 
Rock type
Relief
Snow melt
Deforestation

Question 18

What is lag time

Answer 18

Delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

More surface run off=shorter the lag time which means a greater river discharge so a greater chance of flooding

Question 19

What were the factors affecting the boscastle flooding

Answer 19

No trees and lots of bare farmland
Steep relief
Bodmin moor because saturated quickly
Storm became stuck over boscastle from east lily winds
8 inches of rain in 8 hours

Question 20

What were the environmental impacts of boscastle flooding

Answer 20

Fuel from cars was spilt and went into the sea
Lots of debris taken into the sea= increased water pollution
River banks eroded and mult and silt everywhere
Trees uprooted

Question 21

What were the human impacts of boscastle flooding

Answer 21

Financial impacts
Long term stress and anxiety 
Tourism struggled and didn't recover until 2005
115 cars swept away
No one died
People were stuck in cars
Buildings collapsed-25 businesses destroyed
Car park ruined
People trapped in buildings
Bridge swept away

Question 22

What were the responses to boscastle

Answer 22

Short term:
150 people airlifted to safety
Divers went in search of people in cars
Helicopters and firefighters arrived quickly
Money was given to help with rebuilding and to help for damage of homes (deputy prime minister and prince Charles)
Long term:
Afforestation in the drainage basin= better drainage and interception so longer lag time
River straightened and deepened= can hold more water, and flows to sea quicker
Main car park raised= cars won’t be swept away, provides space for excess water to go so reduces damage to buildings

Question 23

What is there annual flooding in Bangladesh

Answer 23

3 main rivers join in Bangladesh and lots of other little rivers
Effected a lot by climate change= melting of snow in the Himalayas
Very flat relief, no more than 3m above sea level
Huge urbanisation so lots of concrete and deforestation
Monsoons and cyclones

Question 24

What were the impacts of the 2012 flood

Answer 24

Crops were ruined, so no income and lots of starvation
Bridges collapsed so travel stopped
Mudslides so homes and people buried
Many died from drowning
250000 people displaced
15000 temporary homes set up
Very little clean water from mix with sewage

Question 25

What were the responses to the Bangladesh flooding

Answer 25

Short term:
Houses were rebuilt
Animal feed donated
Army helped but didn't have sophisticated equipment and tools
People went looking for others
Oxfam 
£74million donated by the UN
Long term:
Embankments built (from natural material) that control flood water and deepen river channel, and also raise villages or encircle them, so the homes are crops are protected 
Houses built on stilts
Dams and gates built, to control water
Animals and crops raised higher