Coasts

Question 1

What are the 4 weathering processes

Answer 1

Onion skin
Freeze thaw
Biological
Chemical

Question 2

What are the 4 erosional processes

Answer 2

Hydraulic action
Attrition
Abrasion
Solution

Question 3

How is material transported

Answer 3

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

Question 4

Describe a constructive wave

Answer 4

Strong swash
Short fetch so less energy
Low frequent
DEPOSIT

Question 5

Describe a destructive wave

Answer 5

Strong backwash
Long fetch so a lot of energy
High frequency
ERODE

Question 6

What is weathering

Answer 6

Doesn’t remove material and happens on land

Cause by animals, plants and the weather

Question 7

What is erosion

Answer 7

It is caused by the waves and removes material from cliffs

Question 8

How do stumps form

Answer 8

At a headland

Crack cave arch stack stump

Question 9

What is the difference between a bar and a spit

Answer 9

A bar is attached at 2 ends- joins two headland together
A spit is only attached at 1 end, and forms by a river mouth where the constant water flow stops it reaching the next headland

Question 10

What waves form a:
Spit and bar
Headland
Bay
Wave cut notch and platform

Answer 10

Spit and bar= constructive (long shore drift)
Headland= destructive, waves erode softer rock faster then the harder rock
Bay= constructive, material is dumped between two headlands to make a beach
Wave cut notch and platform= destructive, hydraulic action makes an undercut so the cliff becomes unstable and topples, and the material is taken away to make the platform

Question 11

Why is the sea level rising

Answer 11

Thermal expansion- as the water temp rises, the water expands
Ice caps melting- more water is added to the sea

Question 12

What are the problems and impacts of sea levels rising

Answer 12

Maldives- no higher than 2m so islands will be flooded and disappear 
Drinking water will be polluted from contamination with sea water
Islands will become overcrowded 
Islands shrink
Uninhabited island destroyed by humans
No tourism
Increased risk from storms 
Soil and land eroded by waves

Question 13

What is being done in the Maldives

Answer 13

Very expensive circular sea wall around islands to stop floods
New island are being built
Islands are being raised higher by added material by dredging the sea
New houses built which are better equipped to deal with floods

Question 14

What is happening at Christchurch bay

Answer 14

Cliff retreat and cliff collapses because of geology (permeable sands above impermeable clay= slumping)
Waves are destructive and have a 3000mile fetch so are very powerful
Human activity is weakening the cliff from tourism and building

Question 15

What are the impacts of cliff collapse

Answer 15

Homes lost and the value of homes decreases
There is less land to build on, so natural areas are being destroyed to allow for new buildings
Roads and railways are threatened
Fewer tourists from danger and smaller beaches and beach huts destroyed
Less income for businesses

Question 16

What is being done to reduce impacts of cliff collapse and retreat

Answer 16

Some areas have been left to retreat (naish farm= sssi)
Sea walls have been built
Groynes to reduce lsd
Rock armour
Beach replenishment
People prevented from walking in weak areas to reduce biological weathering and some development have been stopped

Question 17

What are hard engineering strategies

Answer 17

Things that work against nature, are long lasting but expensive
Rock armour
Sea walls
Groynes

Question 18

What is soft engineering

Answer 18

Strategies that work with nature, can be cheap and have little effect on the environment, but are not as reliable
Dune regeneration
Beach nourishment
Marsh creation
Managed retreat

Question 19

What is the problem at studland bay

Answer 19

Big conflict between tourists and consevationist
Habitat is rich is rare wildlife, with rare ecosystems. The marram grass stabilises the dunes and allows for other plant so grow which attracted other wildlife like the dart ford warble, nightjar, all the species of reptiles in the uk, sand lizard, and the spiny seahorse
However tourists bring litter, start fires, are destructive, erode the dunes, boast destroy the marine habitats, want facilities and destroy plant life

Question 20

How is studland bay managed

Answer 20

Boardwalks restrict movement and stop erosion of the dunes
Information boards
Boats can't anchor
Facilities are in one place
Bins
Fire education and prevention equipment
Car park restrictions