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Geography Revision 4th Form > River Landscapes > Flashcards

River Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the source mean?

A

Start of the river

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2
Q

What does drainage basin mean?

A

area of land drained by river and its tributaries

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3
Q

What does Mouth mean?

A

End of river

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4
Q

What does water shed mean?

A

Edge of river basin

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5
Q

What does tributary mean?

A

Small streams which join a larger river

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6
Q

How does the long profile of a river change from source to mouth?

A

Long profile decreases from upper to lower (high to low)

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the upper course of the river?

A

V shaped valley
Shallow and thin

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the middle course of the river?

A

U shaped valley
Not too shallow but is still thin

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the lower course of the river?

A

Wide U shaped valley
Wide and deep

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10
Q

What erosion takes place in the upper course of the river, vertical or lateral?

A

Vertical

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11
Q

Why in the upper course is erosion vertical?

A

Discharge is smaller and the rock is resistent

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12
Q

What erosion takes place in the middle course of the river, vertical or lateral?

A

Lateral

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13
Q

Why in the middle course is erosion lateral?

A

Material carried along can erode the banks

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14
Q

What is attrition?

A

Where rocks bang into the river bed, bank and each other - breaking away and becoming small and smooth

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15
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Use of other rocks to act as sandpaper to erode the river bed

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16
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Process which gradually splits the rock away by getting to crack eventually splitting them apart

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17
Q

What is solution?

A

Soluble materials which dissolve in water

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18
Q

What is traction?

A

When large rocks roll along the river bed due to high dischargeW

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19
Q

What is saltation?

A

Small rocks and sand bounce along the river bed

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20
Q

What is suspension?

A

Fine clay and sand particles are carried within the water at low discharges

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21
Q

What is solution?

A

Some minerals which will dissolve in water

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22
Q

What is deposition?

A

When the material being transported is dropped/ deposited by the river

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23
Q

Why does deposition occur?

A

Due to the velocity of the river slowing, decreasing the energy in the river

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24
Q

Name 3 landforms in the upper course of a river?

A

Interlocking spurs
Waterfalls
Gorges

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25
Q

How do interlocking spurs occur?

A

Gravity encourages vertical erosion
Embankments collapse (due to freeze thaw) meaning valley is less steep
Over time river winds its way round hard rock forming interlocking spurs

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26
Q

Give some characteristics of waterfalls?

A

Deep plunge pool
Fast moving water
High drop
Hard rock on top, soft rock below

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27
Q

Give some characteristics of gorges?

A

Steep sides
Hard rock on walls
Narrow
Deep
Slow moving water

28
Q

Give the 1st step which forms a waterfall?

A

Erosion wears away the softer rock and leaves the hard rock above.

29
Q

Give the 2nd step which forms a waterfall?

A

Hydraulic action wears away soft rock and begins to undercut the hard rock

30
Q

Give the 3rd step which forms a waterfall?

A

Hard rock becomes unsupported and therefore collapses. Rocks are either carried away or erode the river bed creating a plunge pool

31
Q

What happens to the waterfall after it has formed?

A

The process will repeat itself and waterfall will recede over time

32
Q

What two landforms are found in the middle course of a river?

A

Meanders
Ox-bow lakes

33
Q

Give some characteristics of a meander?

A

Low-lying land
Sloping banks
Twists and turns
Slip off slope
Fast moving water on the outside
River cliff

34
Q

Give the 1st step that means ox bow lakes form?

A

Water flows over land, water moves to the outside of the river where there is less friction

35
Q

Give the 2nd step that means ox bow lakes form?

A

As river erodes the river bank, a bend will start to show

36
Q

Give the 3rd step that means ox bow lakes form?

A

On inside bend water is slower so deposition occurs

37
Q

Give the 4th step that means ox bow lakes form?

A

Neck of the river grows narrower

38
Q

Give the 5th step that means ox bow lakes form?

A

When neck of river breaks through the river will find the shortest route (usually straight)

39
Q

Give the 6th step that means ox bow lakes form?

A

Look becomes sealed off due to deposition forming an ox bow lake

40
Q

What 3 land forms are seen in the lower course of a river?

A

Levees, flood plains, estuaries

41
Q

Define what a Levee is?

A

Levee is a raise bank formed on banks of a river

42
Q

How is a levee formed?

A

Water is held in a channel before the flood
Within the flood water passes over a surface slowing the water for deposition to occur
The levee will grow after several flood

43
Q

Define a flood plain?

A

Area around a river that is covered in times of flood - large flat area formed by erosion or deposition `

44
Q

Define an estuary?

A

Where the river meets the sea. The river is tidal so when the sea goes out the river is reduced causing deposition

45
Q

Give the definition of a flood?

A

When the amount of water in a river exceeds the capacity of the channel

46
Q

Give the definition of discharge?

A

Volume of water flowing through a river channel

47
Q

Give the equation of discharge?

A

Discharge = Area (cubic metres per sec) x velocity

48
Q

Name 3 human causes of flooding and how they cause it?

A

Urbanisation - impermeable rock is used
Agriculture - Causes more surface run off as soil is exposed
Deforestation - Lack of trees to take up water, water gets to river quicker`

49
Q

Name 5 physical causes of flooding and how they cause it?

A

Rock type - impermeable rock won’t let water go down
Basin size - Large basin can store water but if small increase in floods
Soil Saturation - If soil can no longer store water leads to flow of water over land
Relief - steep slopes allow water to get to river too quickly
Precipitation - Torrential rain can cause flash floods

50
Q

What is lag time?

A

Time between peak discharge and precipitation

51
Q

How does a dam work?

A

Causes water to build up into a valley behind the dam making a reservoir. This can control amount of water downstream.

52
Q

What are the benefits and costs of a dam?

A

Benefit - allows tourism and and energy to be made
Costs - very expensive to make

53
Q

How does channel straightening work?

A

When a meander is widened and straightened and deepened. Allows river to carry more water.

54
Q

What are the benefits and costs of a channel straightening?

A

Benefits - Keeps water in and saves properties
Costs - Floods downstream, not pretty, affects wildlife

55
Q

How does embankments work?

A

Raises banks so that more water can be contained in the channel reducing the flood risk

56
Q

What are the benefits and costs of a embankments?

A

Benefits - keeps water in reducing floods, saves properties
Costs - change to environment, expensive, ugly

57
Q

How does flood relief work?

A

Building another channel to move the water away from human settlements during times of high discharge

58
Q

What are the benefits and costs of flood relief?

A

Benefits - keeps water away, river runs freely, little affect to environment
Costs - equipment is expensive, risks downstream

59
Q

How does flood plain zoning work?

A

Allows large areas of land to be able to contain a flood

60
Q

How does afforestation work?

A

Planting more trees means that there is more interception of water, roots will also absorb the water

61
Q

How many homes is the jubilee river defence saving?

A

3200 homes

62
Q

How is the jubilee river important on a national scale?

A

Flows through multiple counties - Oxfordshire, Surrey, Berkshire

63
Q

What was the cost of the jubilee river?

A

110 million pounds

64
Q

How much does it cost to repair the defences every year?

A

680,000 pounds

65
Q

How much does it cost to repair the defences every year?

A

680,000 pounds

66
Q

What town is at danger of being flooded by the jubilee river?

A

Wraysbury as the area isn’t protected

Geography Revision 4th Form (6 decks)

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