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Geography > river landscapes > Flashcards

river landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

upper course characteristics

A

v-shaped valley
steep sides, narrow shallow channel

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2
Q

middle course characteristics

A

gently sloping sides
wider deeper channel

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3
Q

lower course characteristics

A

very wide very flat valley and channel

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4
Q

what does vertical erosion do

A

deepens the river valley and channel
dominant in the upper course

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5
Q

what does lateral erosion do

A

widens the river valley
dominant in the middle and upper course

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6
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

force of water pushing air into cracks of the river bed and breaking pieces off

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7
Q

what is abrasion

A

eroded rock picked up by the river scrape and rub against the channel wearing it away

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8
Q

what is attrition

A

eroded rocks that crash into eachother break into smaller pieces

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9
Q

what is solution

A

river water dissolves some types of rock eg chalk or limestone

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10
Q

what is traction

A

large rocks are pushed along the river bed by force of water

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11
Q

what is saltation

A

pebble sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the force of water

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12
Q

what is suspension

A

small particles are carried along b the water

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13
Q

what is solution ( transportation)

A

soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along

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14
Q

how is a waterfall created

A
  • water flows over an area of hard rock then an area of softer rock
  • river erodes the softer rock quicker forming a step
  • hydraulic action erodes the step further forming a PLUNGE POOL and undercuts the hard rocks
  • eventually the undercut leaves no support for the harder rock so it falls into the plunge pool
  • the broken rock erode the softer rock and deepens the plunge pool
  • this process repeats and the waterfall moves further up the stream leaving a steep sided gorge
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15
Q

formation of a meander

A
  • current is faster on the outside of the bend
  • more erosion takes place here
  • current is slower on the inside bend
  • more deposition occurs here forming slip off slopes
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16
Q

formation of an ox bow lake

A
  • erosion causes the two outside bends to get closer
  • meander neck gets narrower
  • eventually the river breaks through the land and cuts across the neck
  • deposition cuts off the meander forming an oxbow lake
17
Q

what is hard engineering

A

man made structures to control the flow of rivers and reduce flooding

18
Q

what is a dam and a resevior

A

dams are barriers built across the river
reservoirs is an artificial lake formed behind a dam

19
Q

advantages of dams and resevoirs

A
  • store water, control water flow and prevent floods downstream
  • used to generate hydroelectric power
20
Q

disadvantages of dams and reservoirs

A
  • very expensive to build
  • creating a reservoir can cause flooding in existing settlements
  • material is deposited in the reservoir so farmland downstream can become less fertile
21
Q

what is channel straightening

A

meanders are removed by building straighter artificial channels

22
Q

advantages to channel straightening

A

water leaves the area more quickly so it reduces a flood risk

23
Q

disadvantages to channel straightening

A

flooding may happen downstream instead
faster moving water can cause more erosion downstream

24
Q

what is flood relief channel

A

channels are built to divert water around built up areas or to divert excess water if water levels get too high

25
Q

advantages to flood relief channel

A

gates on the channel means that release of water can be controlled

26
Q

disadvantages to flood relief channel

A

increased discharge where the relief channel rejoins the river which could cause flooding

27
Q

what is soft engineering

A

schemes set up using the knowledge of a river to reduce the effects of flooding

28
Q

what are flood warnings and preparatrion

A

flood warnings are issued through radio tv and internet
buildings are modified to minimise damage
residents can prepare sandbags and flood boards before

29
Q

advantages to flood warnings and preparation

A

warnings give people time to move possessions put sandbags in place or evacuate
minimises impact of flood

30
Q

disadvantages to flood warnings and preparation

A
  • warnings dont prevent floods
  • modifying buildings are expensive
  • doent guarantee safety
31
Q

what is flood plain zoning

A

restrictions prevent buildings on parts of a flood plain that are likely to flood

32
Q

advantages to flood plain zoning

A
  • flood risk is reduced
  • impact is reduced, no buildings to damage less money spent
33
Q

disadvantages to flood plain zoning

A

expansion of an urban area is limited if there arent any other suitable building sites

34
Q

what is planting trees

A

planting trees in the river valley increases the interception of rainwater

35
Q

advantages to planting trees

A

vegetation reduces soil erosion and provides a habitat for wildlife

36
Q

disadvantages to planting trees

A

less land is available for farming

Geography (7 decks)

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