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Geography > atmospheric hazards > Flashcards

atmospheric hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

surface winds

A

winds that blow across the surface of the earth

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2
Q

describe the global distribution of tropical storms

A
  • 5 degrees above and below the equator
  • occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans
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3
Q

what are the conditions needed to form a tropical storm

A
  • oceans with a temp of 27 degrees or higher
  • over an ocean
  • not along the equator
  • low wind shear
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4
Q

explain why oceans of 27 degrees is needed to form a tropical storm

A

it is warm enough to evaporate and tropical storms need a constant source of evaporation

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5
Q

explain why tropical storms cannot be formed along the equator

A

because the Coriolis effect causes the storm to spin and this is not strong enough along the equator

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6
Q

explain why low wind shear is needed to help form a tropical storm

A

storms form in calm conditions where strong winds cannot blow them apart

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7
Q

how is a tropical storm formed

A
  • water is evaporated and warm air rises, creating a low pressure zone
  • air is sucked in to replace the rising air creating clouds and strong winds
  • earths rotation (Coriolis effect ) causes the storm to start spinning
  • air surrounding the storm starts to flow in a spiral and cooler air is sucked into the middle creating a storm eye
  • Once the storm has made landfall, the storm looses its energy as evaporation no longer takes place
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8
Q

explain how climate change may affect the distribution of tropical storms

A

it is predicted that climate change may not impact where tropical storms occur

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9
Q

explain how climate change may affect the frequency of tropical storms

A

overall number of tropical storms are predicted to remain the same, however the number of category 4 storms are meant to increase

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10
Q

explain how climate change may affect the intensity of tropical storms

A

it is predicted that as the oceans increase in temp, the intensity of tropical storms will increase

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11
Q

explain how climate change may make the impact of tropical storms worse

A
  • higher sea levels due to melted ice will put low lying coastal regions eg Bangladesh under increased risk from storm surges
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12
Q

primary effects of tropical storms

A
  • death
  • destruction of buildings
  • injuries
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13
Q

secondary effects of tropical storms

A
  • disease
  • homelessness
  • prices in food and essentials
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14
Q

example of a tropical storm

A

Typhoon Haiyan, the Philippines

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15
Q

primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • 6190 deaths
  • 4.1 million made homeless
  • over 1 million farmers and 600,00 hectares of farmland was affected
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16
Q

secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • oil barge leaked 800,000 litres of oil which contaminated waters
  • fishing had to stop because of contaminated waters therefore prices in food increased
  • 8 people died in riots and stampedes for rice
  • disease and illness spread because of contaminated water
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17
Q

immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • authorities evacuated 800,000 people
  • emergency aid supplies arrived three days later and within two weeks over 1 million food packages and 250,000 litres of water were given out
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18
Q

long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • build back better is a scheme that the government would ensure that buildings would not just be rebuilt but upgraded
  • a no build zone along the east coast
  • a new storm surge warning system
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19
Q

how does monitoring reduce the effects of tropical storms

A

monitoring allows predictions to be made which can save lives and reduce damage

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20
Q

give an example of monitoring and how it helps

A

satellites are used to observe the cloud pattern that is usually associated with tropical storms
the global precipitation measurement satellite monitors precipitation every three hours

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21
Q

how does prediction reduce the effects of tropical storms

A

All available weather data are fed into computers which can predict the path and intensity of storms, warning people of what to do

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22
Q

how does planning reduce effects of tropical storms

A

Authorities encourage people to plan what they need to have to do in the event of a storm: advice included,
preparing natural disaster supply kits and knowing official evacuation shelters are

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23
Q

how does protection reduce the effects of a tropical storm

A

buildings have areas of weakness which can be reinforced to reduce damage caused by forceful winds and injuries/death caused by fallen buildings

24
Q

give 4 examples of weather hazards experienced in the UK

A

flooding, storms, drought and extreme cold weather

25
Q

give an example of a recent weather hazard in the UK

A

The beast from the east

26
Q

what caused the beast from the east

A
  • originated over the pacific ocean
  • cold air mass from Serbia
  • sudden stratospheric warming up
27
Q

impacts from the beast from the east

A
  • roads closures and accidents
  • Glasgow airport had 40cm of snow on the runway
  • planes were grounded, 100s of flights were cancelled
  • A303 car users slept in cars overnight
28
Q

responses to beast from the east

A
  • stranded drivers were given foil blankets
  • councils gritted roads and pavements
29
Q

what evidence suggests an increase in extreme weather in the uk

A

data of annual rainfall between 1980 and 2015 have shown that annual rainfall has increased enormously on account of warming air temperatures. this results in more evaporation taking place, and more rainfall

30
Q

give three examples of evidence that climate change is/ has occurred

A
  • ice cores
  • tree rings
  • ocean sediment
31
Q

what is solar activity (sunspot theory)

A

a sunspot is a dark patch that appears from time to time on the surface of the sun. They are areas of more intense energy

32
Q

what does solar activity mean in terms of climate change

A

10 year influence on the earths temperature
more sunspots means more long wave radiation

33
Q

what is orbital change

A

the change of the path of the earth as it orbits the sun. The path changes from an circular to an elliptical shape every 100,000 years

34
Q

what does orbital change means in terms of climate change

A

if the earth is closer to the sun there is more warming

35
Q

what does volcanic activity mean in terms of climate change

A
  • volcanic ash can block out the sun and reduce the temperature on earth
  • long term volcanoes emit greenhouse gases which lead to the enhanced greenhouse effect
36
Q

what is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A
  • more CO2 is released into the atmosphere
  • sun emits solar radiation, some of which is absorbed by the earth and some of which is reflected
  • reflected radiation is absorbed by excess greenhouse gases and remains within our atmosphere, warming the earth up
37
Q

how does fossil fuels effect climate change

A

Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, this could come from driving cars or heating homes. As population increases demand for energy also increases therefore more fossil fuels are burnt and more emissions are released

38
Q

how does agriculture effect climate change

A

agriculture contributes to 20% of emissions and produces large volumes of methane from sectors such as rice and cattle and as population increases, demand for these foods also increase

39
Q

how does deforestation effect climate change

A

deforestation is the clearing of forests on a huge scale, normally for agricultural reasons. trees absorb C02 which reduces the amount in the atmosphere so by cutting them down less CO2 is absorbed. Trees are also sometimes burnt down which releases greenhouse emissions

40
Q

how does climate change affect people

A
  • flood risk due to more rainfall in the UK, the cost of flooding is estimated to rise from 2.1 billion to 12 billion
  • ski tourism in resorts such as the Alps may close or have shorter seasons as there will be less snow
  • climate refugees eg Maldives
41
Q

how does climate change affect the environment

A
  • coral reefs such as the great barrier reef could see biodiversity lost and warmer more acidic oceans
  • less rainfall may affect wildlife causing food and water shortages
42
Q

what is mitigation

A

reducing the output of greenhouse gases and increase the size of our greenhouse gas sinks

43
Q

how does alternative energy production reduce CO2

A

renewable energy sources offer a solution to reduce the volume of greenhouse gases without producing any

44
Q

how does carbon capture reduce CO2

A

captures CO2 from the open atmosphere and traps it underground so it is unable to escape

45
Q

how does planting trees reduce CO2

A

provides the earth with a natural carbon sink as trees absorb CO2 from the air.

46
Q

how does international agreements reduce CO2

A

agreements such as the 2015 Paris climate conference set targets that countries aim to meet eg reducing global emissions by 40%

47
Q

what is adaption

A

responding to the impacts of climate change `

48
Q

how do people change agricultural systems to adapt to climate change

A

agriculture needs to adapt to the changes of climate change by
- moving production to another location because of change in temp or conditions
- increasing irrigation
- changing variety of crop grown

49
Q

how do people manage water supply im response to climate change

A

In the UK Londoners consume 167 litres of water each day compared to the national average of 146. This is can managed by
- reducing demand
- increasing supply

50
Q

reducing risk from sea levels

A

London is currently protected against rising sea levels by the thames barrier which has been closed over 100 times to stop sea surges entering London

51
Q

What is a constructive plate boundary

A

Where two plates move apart by convection currents and a new crust is formed. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap between the plates

52
Q

what is a destructive plate boundary

A

where two plates move towards eachother because of convection currents
- found where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate

53
Q

why are earthquakes found at destructive plate boundaries

A

earthquakes occur at varying depths along the subduction where the plate sticks and pressure builds up
- oceanic plate decesnds until magma is less dense than the rock
- magma rises to the surface and there is an explosive eruption of gas and lava

54
Q

what are conservative margins

A

occurs when two plates move parallel to eachother

55
Q

why can earthquakes be found at conservative plate margins

A

as the plates move past each-other they can stick and cause pressure to build up. then the pressure is released and causes the plates to jerk forward causing an earthquake

56
Q

why can volcanoes not be found at conservative plate margins

A

there is no gap between the plates for excess material to come through. There is also no subduction or melting of the plates so manga cannot come through

Geography (7 decks)

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