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Addiction > Risk factors > Flashcards

Risk factors Flashcards

1
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Anything internal or external that increases likelihood of an individual starting to engage in addictive behaviour or use drugs

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2
Q

Name the 5 risk factors?

A

Genetic vulnerability
Stress
Personality
Family influences
Peers

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3
Q

What can inheriting a predisposition increase?

A

The risk of addiction

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4
Q

What is genetic vulnerability explained as?

A

An interaction between genes and environmental factors

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5
Q

Two reasons for genetic vulnerability?!

A

D2 receptors
Metabolism

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6
Q

What is the D2 receptor responsible for?

A

Communicating with dopamine

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7
Q

What is the amount of D2 receptors an individual has down to?

A

Genetics

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8
Q

Is having more or less D2 receptors associated with addiction? Why?

A

Less as it leads to problems with experiencing pleasure from everyday activities, turn to substance/behaviour to compensate for deficiency

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9
Q

How is metabolism relevant to addiction?

A

Some individuals metabolise substances quicker than others as they may need more

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10
Q

How does an individual have a fast metabolism?

A

Inherited through genes

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11
Q

Who found that some people lack a fully functioning enzyme?

A

Pianezza

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12
Q

What enzyme did Pianezza find?

A

CYP2A6

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13
Q

What does CYP2A6 enzyme metabolise?

A

Nicotine

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14
Q

Are you more or less likely to smoke if you lack the CYP2A6 enzyme?

A

Less

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15
Q

What is stress?

A

An individual experiences state of arousal that occurs when they do not have the ability to cope with perceived threat

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16
Q

What may people who experience stress turn to?

A

Addictive substances or behaviours as a form of self-medication for stress

17
Q

What have been linked to the risk of developing addiction? (stress)

A

Periods of chronic, long lasting stress
Traumatic life events in childhood

18
Q

What did Anderson and Teicher find about stress?

A

early experiences of severe stress have damaging effects on a young brain, further stress could trigger vulnerability

19
Q

What does an addictive personality suggest there is a correlation between?

A

Certain traits and addiction

20
Q

What personality disorder leads to a high vulnerability to addiction?

A

Anti social personality disorder

21
Q

What kind of personality traits is included in the anti-social personality disorder?

A

Neurotic and psychotic traits

22
Q

High levels of neuroticism shown through?

A

High levels of anxiety, irritability, low self efficacy

23
Q

High levels of psychoticism shown through?

A

Aggressive, impulsive, emotionally detached

24
Q

Are individuals with pathological personalities more likely to become addicts? Why?

A

Yes, offers some relief and helps them

25
Q

What are the three family influences on her create vulnerability to addiction?

A

Perceived parental approval
Little interest in monitoring behaviour
Exposure to substance/behaviour

26
Q

Why does perceived parental approval make someone more vulnerable to addiction?

A

Their parents show positive attitudes towards a certain behaviour/substance making the adolescent think it is appropriate

27
Q

What did Livingstone et al find about family influences?

A

Final year high school students who were allowed, by their parents, to drink alcohol were more likely to drink excessively at college

28
Q

What does SLT suggest about family influences?

A

Individual observes a family member (role model) engaging in addictive behaviour and imitate this behaviour as they identify with them

29
Q

Define peer?

A

People who share interests, age, background and social status

30
Q

Why do peers influence an individuals development during adolescence?

A

Spend more time with them and less with family

31
Q

Some psychologists may argue peers are a ? to addiction

A

Gateway

32
Q

What did O’Connell et al suggest about peers?

A

Adolescents are at risk of developing alcohol addiction due to influence of their peers

33
Q

What were O’Connells 3 major elements? (peers)

A

Attitudes and norms to drinking alcohol
Opportunities to drink alcohol
Individual perception

34
Q

What is attitudes and norms to drinking alcohol?

A

An individuals attitude towards drinking alcohol can be influenced by associating with groups of peers who drank alcohol

35
Q

What is individuals perception?

A

The individual may overestimate how much their peers drink and therefore drink to keep up with them

Addiction (9 decks)

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