Risk factor compendium

Question 1

carcinoma esophagus risk factor:

Answer 1

1. carcinogen: tobacco, alcohol, betel nut, lime
2. dietery factor: nitrates, fungi
   dietary deficiency vit A,C,E
3. H. Pylori infection
4. HPV : Sq cc

Question 2

predisposing factor for sq,c,c esophageal cancer

Answer 2

–Lye stricture (up to 30%)
–Esophageal achalasia (30%)
- Esophageal web (20%)
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome (iron-deficiency anemia, dysphagia from an esophageal
web, and glossitis, 10%)
- Bloom syndrome
- Short esophagus (5%)
-Peptic esophagitis (1%)

Question 3

predisposing factor for adenocarcinoma esophageal cancer:

Answer 3

–Barrett esophagus is metaplastic replacement of squamous with intestinalized
columnar epithelium
- GERD (up to 60%)
- Hiatal hernia
- Obesity- 3-4 fold increase risk
- Reflux esophagitis
-. As second malignancy due to irradiation of head-neck cancer or previous aero-digestive
malignancy.
-. Low socio-economic condition- increase incidence.

Question 4

Risk factor for colorectal cancer

Answer 4

• environment
• Diet: rich in fat and cholesterol
• physical activity
• inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis, crohns disease
• adenomatous polyps
• cancer history
• prior surgery
• prior radiation
• family history and genetic factors

Question 5

Risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer

Answer 5

dietary factor: salt cured fish, meat

• viral agent: EBV
• genetic susceptibility:
• smoking and alcohol

Question 6

lymphoma risk factors

Answer 6

• congenital immunodeficiency syndrome
• immunosuppression
• AIDS
• autoimmune disorder(sjogren syndrome, SLE, Rheumatoid disease)
• celiac disease
• exposure to ionizing radiation
• infection:-h pylori, EBV, HTLV, Chlamydia
• acquired chromosomal defect: follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, burkitt lymphoma

Question 7

Lung risk factors

Answer 7

-smoking(85-90%)
-genetic: Li fraumeni syndrome, DNA repair (XRCC1)
-occupational: asbestosis, Radon, silica fibres, nickel,cobalt
-infection: HPV, HIV infection
-Dietary factors: zinc, copper, selenium,
folate, B12 deficiency
-chronic lung disease: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
COPD, TB, ILD, RA, Crohns disease.
- arsenic( rakib sir wants to hear)

Question 8

Prostate cancer risk factors

Answer 8

Age:>50
Race: african american
Nationality
Family history: 1 1st degree 2 folds increase
 2 1st degree 9 folds
Hormonal influence
Diet: red meat, high fat dairy product
Obesity
Smoking
Enivrionmental factors
STds
Vasectomy

Question 9

Breast cancer risk factors

Answer 9

Genetic:
BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, PTEN, ATM,
acquired:
AGe
benign breast disease like: fibroadenoma, palpable cyst
early menarche, late menopause
OCP, HRT,
personal cancer history
obesity, Increase BMI
smoking
alcohol
ionizing radiation
decrease physical activity

Question 10

Soft tissue sarcoma risk factor

Answer 10

Unmnown
Genetic factor:p53 mutation, FAP,carney stratikes syndrome, NF1,2
Lymphedema
Radiation induced
Carcinogen:vinyl chloride, arsenic , causing hepatoangiosarcoma

Question 11

Common RT induced sarcomas are

Answer 11

Angiosarcoma
Pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
MPNST

Question 12

P53 mutation causes which cancers

Answer 12

BCLL PBS
Breast
Colon
Lung
Liver
Prostate
Brain
Sarcoma: bone, soft

Question 13

Risk factors for bladder cancer

Answer 13

Smoking: particularly cigarrette
Occupational exposure: aniline dye, aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, leather, paints, rubber industry worker
nitrates and nitrites, arsenic laced drinking water
Analgesic abuse: phenacetin
Chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide
Chronic irritaton: indwellingcatheter, bladder stone, chronic ub infection
Pelvic RT
Infection: bacterial, schistomia hematobium, hpv virus
Genetic: chromosome 9, p53 mutation

Question 14

Risk factor for ca cervix

Answer 14

age: 35
Due to hormonal increase:
-sexually active woman
-early onset of sexual activity
-early first pregnancy
- multiparity
-OCP
- prenatal exposure of DES
environmental:
- low socio economic condition
- mutiple sexual partner
- multiparity
-H/O STD
other:
- IUD use
- dietary factor: obesity, physical factor
- tobacco use
- H/O vulval or vaginal dysplasia , KRAS, PTEN mutation

Question 15

Pancreatic cancer risk factor

Answer 15

Risk factor
o Cigarette smoking, alcohol
o Fat, meat
o Less intake of fruits and vegetables
o DM, chronic pancreatitis specially FCPD
o Lower socioeconomy
o DDT, naphthylamine, gasoline derivative- ie farmers and hydrocarbon
worker
o Partial gastrectomy ↑, tonsilectomy↓
o Family history- BRCA 2, HNPCC, MEN