Risk/contributing Factors

Question 1

Hypocalcemia

Answer 1

Low PTH, low vitamin D, burns, diarrhea, laxatives, renal, Rhabdo, blood transfusions, malnutrition, cirrhosis, pancreatitis

Also: fistula, alcoholism, malabsorption, high calcitonin, high phosphate

Question 2

Hypercalcemia

Answer 2

Common: High PTH and malignancy
Rare: high vitamin D, high intake, immobility

Also: renal, calcitriol, thiazides, steroids, dig toxicity, decreased phosphate

Question 3

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 3

Alcoholism, diarrhea, antacids, malnourishment and malabsorption, parenteral nutrition

Also: high Ca, eating after starving, DKA, alkalosis, low Mg, low potassium, increased PTH, vomiting, hyperventilation, decreased vitamin D, burns, diuretics, heatstroke, renal, insulin, low ATP

Question 4

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 4

Low PTH, renal, high intake, high vitamin D, rhabdo, chemo, tumor lysis, dairy, laxatives

Also: low Ca, acidosis

Question 5

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 5

Blood transfusion, parenteral nutrition, fasting, alcoholism, diarrhea, GI suction, diuretics

Also: low intake, low potassium and calcium, hyperaldosteronism, renal, malabsorption, DKA, MI and HF

Question 6

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 6

Renal, intake (Maalox and MOM), IV for eclampsia, adrenal insufficiency treatment for migraines and menstrual cramps

Also: DKA, thyroid insufficiency

Question 7

Hyperkalemia

Answer 7

Intake (salt subs, IV), retention (renal injury, drugs: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, BBs), spironolactone, cell death (crush, burn), DKA, Rhabdomyolysis

Also: Addison, blood transfusion, NSAIDs, cyclosporine

Question 8

Hypokalemia

Answer 8

Low intake, thiazides and loops, n and v, GI suction, alkalosis, low Mg, ECF to ICF (insulin)

Also: steroids, high aldosterone, dig toxicity

Question 9

Hyponatremia

Answer 9

SIADH, NVD, too much water, too much exercise (sweat, high temp), low adrenal, meds (anticonvulsant, SSRI, desmopressin acetate)

Also: low intake, brain issue (ICP), HF, hyperglycemia, renal, diuretics

Question 10

Hypernatremia

Answer 10

Old/young/cognitively impaired (decreased thirst response)
Dehydrated, high salt diet, hypertonic IV, DI, heatstroke

Also: burn, diarrhea, steroids, bicarbonate

Question 11

GERD

Answer 11

Older, IBS, breathing disorder, BE, PUD, angina
Tobacco, coffee, alcohol, H pylori

Question 12

Gastritis

Answer 12

Acute: food, strong acid or base, meds, alcohol, radiation, bile reflux

Chronic: prolonged inflammation, tumors, H pylori, autoimmune disease, diet, meds, alcohol, smoking, reflux

Question 13

PUD

Answer 13

High HCL, H pylori, diet, NSAID, family, smoke, drink

Question 14

Constipation

Answer 14

Meds, immobility, low fiber, low fluids, laxative abuse, weakness, fatigue, ignoring urge

Question 15

Diarrhea

Answer 15

Infection, meds, diet, tube feeding, metabolic and endocrine disorders

Question 16

IBS triggers

Answer 16

Stress, no sleep, surgery, infection, diverticulitis, certain foods, smoke and drinking

Question 17

Peritonitis

Answer 17

Surgery, trauma, from nearby affected organ, peritoneal dialysis, infection

Question 18

Obstruction

Answer 18

Adhesions
Intussusception
Volvulus
Hernia
Tumor

Question 19

IBD

Answer 19

Alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine

Question 20

Colorectal cancer

Answer 20

Older, sedentary, family history
Cigs, booze, DM2, low fiber, history of GI issues, male, obese

Question 21

Cholelithiasis

Answer 21

“Fat, 40, and fertile”
Cystic fibrosis, DM, weight fluctuations, estrogen, ileal issues

Question 22

Pancreatitis

Answer 22

Cholelithiasis and alcoholics

Question 23

Appendicitis

Answer 23

10-30 years old

Question 24

Diverticular

Answer 24

Low fiber

Question 25

FVE

Answer 25

Cortisol, aldosterone
IV overuse
HF, renal, cirrhosis
Intake

Question 26

FVD

Answer 26

VD, sweat, suction
Low intake
Third space (burns, ascites)
DI, adrenal insufficiency, hemorrhage, trauma

Question 27

BE

Answer 27

Over 50, male, smoke, obese
Family history
Esophageal adinocarcinoma