Risk assessment Flashcards
What is the purpose of a secondary risk assessment?
- A secondary risk assessment provides health/fitness, clinical exercise, and healthcare professionals with important information to develop an individual’s exercise prescription.
- It informs decisions about the level of medical clearance needed, the necessity of pre-exercise testing, and the level of supervision required for testing and program participation
What are some key considerations when making decisions based on a secondary risk assessment?
- Decisions are made about the level of medical clearance, the need for pre-exercise testing, and the level of supervision for exercise testing and exercise program participation.
- Scope of practice is also a key consideration
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CVD
age, family history, race & genetics
What are the positive risk factors related to age for men and women, according to the ACSM guidelines?
Men ≥ 45 years and women ≥ 55 years are considered positive risk factors
- the age for women is higher because hormones such as estrogen prevent CVD, once their gone, they surpass men for CVD’s
What is considered a positive risk factor for family history of CVD?
A family history of myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or sudden death before 55 years of age in the father or other first-degree male relative, or before 65 years of age in the mother or other first-degree female relative is a positive risk factor.
How is cigarette smoking defined as a risk factor?
Current smokers or those who quit within the previous 6 months are considered at risk
Why is it important to assess CVD risk factors?
Assessing CVD risk factors helps determine if an individual has underlying (undiagnosed) cardio-metabolic disease and helps define the scope of practice for professionals
How do sex hormones relate to CVD risk factors?
Differences in the prevalence of CVD between men and women are partly due to sex hormones
How does ethnicity relate to CVD risk factors?
African Americans are more susceptible to high blood pressure
What are the criteria for hypertension as a positive risk factor?
A systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140/90 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg measured on two separate occasions, or taking anti-hypertensive medication is considered a risk factor
What is dyslipidemia and how is it defined as a risk factor?
- Dyslipidemia is high cholestrol
- LDL > 130 mg/dL (>3.37 mmol/L) or HDL < 40 mg/dL (<1.04 mmol/L)
- or being on lipid-lowering medication. If total serum cholesterol is all that is available, use > 200 mg/dL (>5.18 mmol/L) as a risk factor
What are the criteria for prediabetes as a positive risk factor?
Prediabetes is defined by impaired fasting blood glucose of ≥ 100 mg/dL (≥5.5 mmol/L) or impaired glucose tolerance ≥ 140 mg/dL (≥7.7 mmol/L), confirmed on two separate occasions
How is obesity defined as a risk factor?
Obesity is defined as a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² or a waist girth > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women
How is a sedentary lifestyle defined as a risk factor?
A sedentary lifestyle is defined as not participating in physical activity or not meeting the minimum recommendation of 30 minutes of moderate exercise at least 3 days a week for the last 3 months
How is missing information treated in risk assessment?
If information is absent, it should be counted as a risk factor.
Under what conditions is prediabetes counted as a risk factor?
Prediabetes is counted as a risk factor if the individual is: age ≥ 45 years and BMI ≥ 25 or age ≤ 45 years and BMI ≥ 25 with additional risk factors
What is considered a negative risk factor according to ACSM?
Persons with serum HDL-C > 60 mg/dL (1.6 mmol/L) have a negative risk factor. This can be used to subtract a risk factor.
What are the three categories of risk stratification according to ACSM?
The three categories are: Low Risk, Moderate Risk, and High Risk
How is ‘low risk’ defined in ACSM risk stratification?
Low risk is defined as asymptomatic men and women who have < 2 (i.e. 1 or 0) CVD risk factors
How is ‘moderate risk’ defined in ACSM risk stratification?
Moderate risk is defined as asymptomatic men and women who have ≥ 2 risk factors
How is ‘high risk’ defined in ACSM risk stratification?
High risk is defined as individuals with one or more signs/symptoms or known cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease
What is a tertiary health assessment and why is it important?
A tertiary health assessment is an assessment outside of the scope of what the ACSM guidelines address. It includes information about medication, past injuries, etc. It is important because ACSM guidelines do not ask about medication or past injuries
What do RHR, BP, LDL, HDL, FBG, and CVD stand for?
- RHR = resting heart rate
- BP = blood pressure
- LDL = low-density lipoproteins
- HDL = high-density lipoproteins
- FBG = fasting blood glucose
- CVD = cardiovascular disease
Is it necessary to conduct further health assessments beyond the ACSM guidelines?
Yes, a tertiary health assessment is needed to gather information about medications, past injuries, and other factors not addressed by the ACSM guidelines.
How can risk assessment improve health and fitness?
Risk assessment helps healthcare professionals ensure they are working within their scope of practice, and to develop appropriate exercise prescriptions. It helps to identify individuals who may need medical clearance or supervision and contributes to safe and effective exercise programs
