Anaerobic Power and Capacity Flashcards
What is the relationship between anaerobic threshold and VO2 max?
Anaerobic threshold occurs before VO2 max
Describe the overlap between energy systems during exercise.
Although there is a shift towards anaerobic metabolism, aerobic metabolism continues to increase.
What are the different methods for single lactate threshold determination?
- Point preceding change in BLa ≥ 1.0 mM
- Regression Analysis: Intersection of 2 regression lines from above and below inflection
What is the “D-max” method for lactate threshold determination?
The largest deviation between the La vs W curve and the line connecting the end points.
What is the Onset of Blood Lactate (OBLA)?
OBLA is defined as a blood lactate concentration of 4 mM
What is the approximate difference in Anaerobic Threshold (AT) determination between different methods?
There is an ~15-20% difference in AT between methods.
Describe the relationship between lactate and ventilatory threshold.
- Increasing lactate leads to changes in pH.
- Anaerobic metabolism increases CO2 production.
- Isocapnic buffering compensates for rising CO2 (decreasing pH).
- Increasing ventilation eliminates CO2 and helps buffer the drop in pH.
What is the V-Slope method used for?
The V-Slope method is used for ventilatory threshold determination using the relationship between VE/VCO2 vs. VE/VO2 OR VCO2 vs. VO2.
Why is it necessary to calculate the power-output corresponding to the threshold from respiratory variables?
To identify work intensities above which anaerobic metabolism predominates.
What is the key difference between anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity in terms of duration?
Anaerobic power relates to the rate of energy production, typically over shorter durations, while anaerobic capacity refers to the total amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically over a longer duration within the anaerobic system’s limits
Describe the anaerobic alactic (ATP-PCr) system.
- Muscles have a very small storage of ATP.
- The phosphocreatine (PCr) system can rapidly supply ATP to working muscles.
- There is no lactate or pH changes.
- Depletion of PCr sets the limit on this system, leading to a drop in output.
- Cr and ADP signal a shift in primary energy source.
- There is no production of CO2 and no replenishing
Describe anaerobic glycolysis
- Produces slightly more ATP, but at a lesser rate than the alactic system.
- There are fast and slow pathways.
- Forms lactate to assist in ATP production.
- pH change sets the limit to this system (influenced by buffering capacity) leading to metabolic fatigue
Why is it important to assess the anaerobic system?
It is relevant to occupations, sports, and active daily living tasks.
What considerations are important when assessing the anaerobic system?
- Duration: Must encompass the time at which peak power or total capacity of the pathway occurs.
- Intensity: Explosive vs. maximal vs. supra-maximal; all out from outset or a pre-set near/supra max. intensity setting.
- Resistance: Relative (% body mass); Absolute (kp’s, % grade, speed).
- Ergometry: Primary choice due to ability to accurately calculate power output and specificity.
- Practicality.
- Tester Control: Rested state (ATP-CP stores, glycogen, absence of DOMS), motivation, ergometry/mode, time of day, protocol (e.g., resistance, speed/grade).
- Biological Factors: Tolerance and buffering capacity (more bicarb buffers the pH), muscle fiber type (metabolism, size, recruitment), fitness level, age and gender
Describe the Margaria-Kalamen test.
- An anaerobic alactic (ATP-PCr) power test involving a running start (20ft).
- The subject ascends steps 3 at a time.
- Power is calculated from kg, height traveled (1.05m vertical in some protocols), and time to travel between step 3 and 9 (or modified steps).
- Modifications exist, such as no lead in, 2 steps at a time, 2.04m vertical.
- Accuracy issues with timing and the need for standard stair heights are considerations.
- It is considered easy to conduct field tests and assesses maximum power that can be generated in a superfast quick manner
Describe the standard Wingate Anaerobic Ergometry Test protocol.
- An “all out” pedaling test on a Monark cycle ergometer.
- Optimal (high) resistance setting adapted for various populations (Trained: 0.095, active 0.085, Sedentary: 0.075 kg/kg BM).
- Peak power output during the first 5 seconds is a key measure, representing the typical peak power of the anaerobic system
What does the total power output during the first 10 seconds of a Wingate test primarily reflect?
It reflects anaerobic alactic (ATP-PCr) capacity. Anything around 10 seconds primarily taps into this system
What does the Total Power Output in a 30-second Wingate test primarily reflect?
It primarily reflects anaerobic (glycolytic) power. The area under the graph represents anaerobic power over the all 30 seconds
What does the total power output during a 90-second modified Wingate test assess?
It assesses anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity
Describe the Quebec 10-second test
It involves 2 trials of 10 seconds at a resistance of 0.090 kg/kg BM, and the highest total output is used
Describe the Cunningham-Faulkner test
- Conducted on a treadmill.
- Typically at 8 mph (12.9 km/hr) at a 20% grade, with modifications (7.5-8.5 mph) based on aerobic fitness.
- It is a timed test that starts when the subject begins to run and stops when they touch the handrails
Describe the Boscoe 60-second vertical jump test
- Involves repetitive jumping using a force mat to measure power based on total flight time (total height).
- Power is calculated from: W/kg = (Ft x 60 x 9.81) / 4n (60 - Ft).
- Can be modified to a 15-second test. These are bodyweight tests working against gravity
How can cycle ergometer protocols be modified for upper body testing?
Use the same general 30-second protocol with adjusted resistance settings (Active Males 0.060, Female 0.050 kg/kg BM). This allows for assessment of Alactic Power, Alactic Capacity, Glycolytic Power, and Glycolytic Capacity (modification).
How is the Wingate test used to assess fatigue?
Fatigue indexes are calculated (expressed) as a % drop in power output. The Fatigue Index (FI) of the Wingate Test is: FI = {(peak PO - low PO) / peak PO} x 100. This indicates a loss of muscular performance due to various fatigue factors such as depletion of ATP-CP and accumulation of H+/Ca++ (related to buffering capacity)
What are some common anaerobic field tests?
- Anaerobic Capacity Ice Skating test: Sprint 12 x a distance of 60 ft, time reported in seconds.
- FIFA Interval Sprint Test: 6 x 40 m sprint (<1:30 rest between).
- Running based Anaerobic Sprint test (RAST): 6 x 35 m sprints on track with 10 sec rest.
How is power calculated in the Running based Anaerobic Sprint test (RAST)?
Power = Weight × Distance² ÷ Time³. You can also calculate velocity, acceleration, and force from the sprint times
What factors can affect running-based anaerobic sprint tests?
Timing systems vs stopwatch, start stance, surface, shoes (cleats/spikes?), environmental conditions, coordination
What are some important post-test considerations for anaerobic testing?
- Cool-down should be a minimum of 5 minutes of active recovery.
- If feeling faint, lay down with feet up.
- Assign a ‘buddy’ to supervise the cool-down.
- Consider providing fruit juice
