Rise of nationalism in Europe Flashcards
What was the outcome of conservative forces’ attempts to suppress liberal movements until 1848?
They could not restore the old order.
What did monarchs in Central and Eastern Europe do after 1848 to address revolutionary pressures?
They made promises with liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
What significant changes occurred in Central and Eastern Europe after 1848?
Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished.
What was the issue of extending political rights to women within the liberal movement?
Women participated actively but were not allowed to vote.
Where were women admitted only as observers during the Frankfurt Parliament?
At the Church of St. Paul.
What is the Civil Code of 1804 of France commonly known as?
Napoleonic Code.
Which social and political class was dominant in Europe in the mid 18th century?
The aristocracy.
Which country’s independence was recognized by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832?
Greece.
Who was the King of Prussia during the unification of Germany?
William I.
In which year did the first upheaval take place in France?
1789.
What sentiments were promoted in Germany after 1848?
Nationalist sentiments.
What was the objective of the middle class in Germany in 1848?
To unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.
Who led the movement for national unification in Prussia?
Otto Von Bismarck.
What were the three wars fought by Prussia that led to German unification?
Wars against Austria, Denmark, and France.
When was William I declared the German Emperor?
January 1871.
What highlighted the dominance of the Prussian government during the nation-building process in Germany?
The emphasis on modernizing currency, banking, legal and judicial systems.
How many states was Italy divided into during the middle of the 19th century?
Seven states.
Who was the only Italian Princely House ruling state in Italy during the 19th century?
Sardinia-Piedmont.
Who led the army that marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860?
Giuseppe Garibaldi.
What significant event occurred in Italy in 1861?
Victor Emmanuel II was declared king of United Italy.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
A revolutionary who actively supported the Unification of the Italian states.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
An Italian revolutionary and member of the Carbonari
Mazzini is known for his efforts in Italian unification and founding secret societies.
What secret societies did Giuseppe Mazzini found?
- Young Italy in Marseilles
- Young Europe in Berne
These societies included like-minded young men from various European nations.
What did Mazzini believe about nations?
Nations were intended by God to be natural units for humanity.
What was Mazzini’s stance on the Italian states?
Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms; it had to be unified for liberty.
What was Metternich’s view of Mazzini?
He described Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of the social order.’
Who took on the task of unifying Italy after failed uprisings?
King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont.
Who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy?
Count Camillo Cavour.
What was Count Cavour’s approach to Italian unification?
He formed an alliance with France to defeat Austrian forces in 1859.
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
A prominent personality in the unification of Italy.
What movement did Garibaldi join in 1833?
The Young Italy Movement.
Fill in the blank: Garibaldi led the expedition to South Italy and the Kingdom of two _______.
Sicilies.
What happened in 1870 regarding the Papal states?
France withdrew its troops, and the Papal states were finally joined to Italy.
What was the primary identity of the people in the British Isles before the 18th century?
Ethnic identities like English, Welsh, Scot, or Irish.
What significant event occurred in 1688 in England?
The English Parliament seized power from the monarchy.
What symbolized the new British nation?
- The Union Jack
- National Anthem (God Save Our King)
- The English language.
What was the Act of Union (1707)?
It resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain by incorporating Scotland into England.
What was the religious division in Ireland during British rule?
Catholics and Protestants.
Who led the revolt of Catholics in Ireland?
Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen.
What happened in 1801 regarding Ireland?
Ireland was forcibly included in the United Kingdom of Britain.
What did artists portray as the nation in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Female figures as allegories of the nation.
What was the female allegory of France?
Marianne.
What characteristics were associated with Marianne?
- The red cap
- The tricolour
- The cockade.
What was Germania an allegory for?
The German nation.
What symbol represented Germania?
A crown of Oak leaves.
True or False: By the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism remained idealistic and tolerant.
False.
What sentiment did nationalism lose by the last quarter of the 19th century?
Idealistic liberal democratic sentiment.
What was the trend among nationalist groups by the late 19th century?
They became increasingly intolerant of each other and ready to start war.
