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Rise of Hitler Flashcards

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1
Q

Origins of Nazi Party

A
  • Germany Worker’s party formed by Anton Drexler in Janurary 1919
  • Only 6 members
  • Party believed: Democracy was weak, Jews were to blame, Communist and Socialists brought about the Kaiser’s fault
  • Socialist Weimar politicians had betrayed Germany
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2
Q

Changes to the German Worker’s Party

A
  • Hitler put in charge of propaganda - Feburary 1920
  • Hitler and Dreler re-wrote the party aims as its “25 point programme”
  • Party was renamed NSDAP
  • Hitler was a talented orator
  • Hitler became leader of the party - 1921
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3
Q

25 Point Programme

A
  • Aims were vague to appeal to many
  • Nationalists were keen on destruction of treaty
  • People who wanted to blame for Germany’s problem were attracted by anti-semitism
  • Middle classes and big businesses liked Hitler’s anti communist ideas
  • Points included: End of peace treaties, only german blood may be memebrs of the nation, land and territory to feed peopel and settle extra population, union of all Germans in a greater Germany
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4
Q

Hitler’s Role 1920-1922

A
  • Attracted amny members
  • Membership to 1100
  • Started selling Nazi newspaper
  • Hitler decided it was time for a military wing - the SA
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5
Q

Origins of the SA

A
  • Nazis got a lot of support from ex-soldiers
  • SA set up under Ernst Rohm
  • Known as the Brownshirts
  • Role was to disrupt opposition meetings and crowd control
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6
Q

Munich Putsch 1923 - Causes

A
  • People still hated Weimar
  • Baveria is rural and many are conservative that support Hitler
  • Ruhr invasion had many Germans frustrated at Weimar
  • Got soldiers to support Hitler
  • Bavarian Prime Minister supported Hitler
  • Germany’s economy was in shambles/peopel blamed the Weimar Government
  • Mussolini was influenctial
  • Nazi party had many members
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7
Q

People in the Munich Putsch 1923

Otto von Lassow

A
  • Head of German army in Bavaria
  • Fled during the putsch to join the opposition to Hitler
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8
Q

People in the Munich Putsch 1923

Gustav von Kahr

A
  • Bavarian prime minister
  • Supported Hitler’s aims
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9
Q

People in the Munich Putsch 1923

Erich Ludendorff

A
  • Sought Kahr’s support in the Putsch
  • Led to Putsch along with Hitler and was arrested
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10
Q

Munich Putsch 1923

November 8 - Right wing meeting held in Munich beer hall

A
  • Hitler and his SA supporters stormed the hall
  • Hitler forced Kahr and Lossow to support his plan to march to Berlin and install Ludendorff as Germany’s new leader
  • Members of the SA used violence and intimidation against members of the Bavarian state government
  • Lossow and Kahr swore loyalty to the Putsch and left the hall
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11
Q

Munich Putsch

November 9

A
  • President Ebert declared state of emergency and Lossow told to crush uprising
  • Lossow and Kahr announced their opposition to the putsch
  • Ludendorff beleived the soldiers would give him their support and persuaded Hitler to continue
  • 2000 Nazis and their supporters marched into Munich aiming to take over buildings
  • Armed police and soliders confronted the Nazis (pointless supporting a minor party)
  • Fire was exchanged and 14 Nazisk killed
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12
Q

Munich Putsch

November 11

A

Hitler arrested and awaited trial

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13
Q

Why did the Munich Putsch fail

A
  • Poorly planned by hitler
  • Army did not support the SA
  • People didn’t want revolutions
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14
Q

Munich Putsch - Consequences: trial

A
  • Hitler and other leaders went on trial in Feburary1924
  • Hitler used trial to make speeches
  • Seen as nationalist and patriot
  • Hitler sentenced to 5 years dspite being found guilty of treason
  • Won early release and only served 9 months
  • Ludendorff found not guilty
  • Nazi Party banned
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15
Q

Outcome of the trial

A
  • Gave HItler a platform to speak
  • Light sentenes were proof that influenctial figures were anti-Weimar
  • During his imprisonment he wrote his manifesto
  • Failure of the Putsch made Hitler reflect on the best way to take power
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16
Q

Mein Kampf - Manifesto

A
  • German race will rule the world because they are superior
  • Jews are lading to a conspiracy to undermine Aryans
  • Jews want to weaken the Aryan race by intermarriage
  • Jews are taking over German businesses and moderate political groups
  • The Treaty of Versailles must be undone
  • Lebensraum is needed so that the Aryan population can expand
  • Germany must invade RUssian land to the east of Germany to drive out the communist threat
  • Germany’s wealth must benefit German working people, not the rich
  • Democracy is weak: Germany eneds one leader who can roganise everything for the benefit of the people
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17
Q

Hitlers change to a legal approach

A
  • Created a national headquarters for the Nazi Party in Munich
  • Divided Germany into districts and appointed a leading Nazi to increase support
  • First rally held in Weimar
  • Encouraged more young people to join the SA and also set up the Hitler Youth
  • Hitler established a new private bodyguard SS
  • Goebbels - edited the Nazi newspaper and was in charge of propaganda, emphasises the Nazi’s opposition to Jews - Very popular
  • Nazis held public meetings across Germany and trained members to be effective public speakers
  • Nazi party establsihed various organisation to take its message to particular groups of people
  • Party concentrated on winning the support of farmers Germany’s agriculture was suffering badly
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18
Q

Reorganisation of the Nazi Party 1924-1929

A
  • Nazi Party ban lifted
  • Hitler held a 4000 strong rally at the same Beer Hall
  • Mein Kampf became a bestseller
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19
Q

Wall Street Crash 1929

A
  • To keep people happy theyu increased unemployment benefits
  • INitially raised taxes to pay unemployment benefits
  • As problem worsened, amount of benefits were reduced
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20
Q

Effects of wall street crash

A
  • Many unemlpoyed
  • Price of goods for farmers falling
  • Many lost their businesses
  • High food prices
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21
Q

Effect of WSC on Weimar

A
  • Heinrich Bruning (centre party leader) became chancellor
  • Tried to use article 48 to pass measures but ht Reichstag pushed back and he did not have majority
  • Bruning asked Hindenburg to use article 48 and Germany 1930 was basically ran by Hindenburg
  • Bruning introduced measures including tax rises and cuts to unemployment benefits
  • Many germans turned to extreme political parties
  • Nazis went freom 12 seats to 107 seats
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22
Q

Nazis gaining seats

Appeal of Hitler

A
  • Anti communist
  • Business leaders worried about communism
  • Krupps, Siemens gave Nazis money
  • Decline of National Party - Hitler was an alternative
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23
Q

Nazis gaining seats

The SA

A
  • 400,000 strong by 1930
  • Mass rallies showing order
  • Disrupted meeting of political opponents
  • Used violence and intimidation to threaten voters
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24
Q

Nazis gaining seats

Propaganda

A
  • Focused on popular messages not concrete ideas
  • Policy changed depending on popularity
  • Rallies with entertainment
  • 8 Newspapers all aimed at different audiences
  • Rallies to show order, unity, and strength
  • Targeted posters
  • Negative cohesion
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25
Q

1932 Election and the Fall of Bruning

A
  • Nazis are biggest party by 1932 July
  • Hitler runs for president
  • Bruning tries to ban the SA and the SS
  • Kurt Von Schleicher - army general - persuades Hindenberg to fire Bruning
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26
Q

Franz Von Papen

A
  • Hindenburg chooses Papen to head a coalition
  • Schleicher gives Hitler a place in the coalition to control him
  • Coalition is weak
  • Hitler demands to be chancellor - Nazis are biggest party
  • Hindenburg rejects
  • Papen resigns
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27
Q

Von Schleicher and Hindenburg

A
  • Powerful businessmen write to Hindenburg and ask him to make Hitler Chancellor
  • Communists gained 11 seats
  • Hindenburg said no and appointed Von Schleicher as chancellor
  • Von Schleicher asks Hindenburg to suspend coalition and make him leader of a military dictatorship - accuses Hitler and Von Papen of planning coup
  • Von Papen is now determined to take power
  • Thinks he can appoint hitler as chancellor and control him
  • Hindenburg says yes
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28
Q

Reichstag fire

A
  • Marinus van der Lubbe (Dutch Communist) found on the site
  • Confessed, put to trial, and executed
  • Debate about who was responsible
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29
Q

Consequences of the Reichstag Fire

A
  • Hermann Goering, Nazi chief of polcie, claimed Van der Lubbe was part of a communist plot
  • Used opportunity to destroy the communist party
  • 4000 communist leaders arrested
  • Hitler persuaded Hindenburg toi use article 48 to pass the “Decree for the protection of the people and state”
  • Gave police to search homes, imprison without trial, ban meetings, close newspapers
  • Goering took over radio stations
30
Q

March 1933 Election

A
  • Used Reichstag Fire as a reason to vote for Nazis
  • Goering began to replace police officers with Nazis
  • Thousands of KPD and SPD memebrs arrested and sent to camps
  • SA broke up election meetings
  • Newspapers that didn’t support the Nazis were closed
  • Hitler secured money from industrialists he promised to destroy communism
  • Nazi propaganda was everywhere
  • Peopel were ‘encoraged’ at polling stations
31
Q

1933 Election Results

A
  • Nazis won 92 more seats
  • Largest party but not majority
  • Hitler could not guarantee his policies would be passed
  • Wanted 2/3 majority to change constitution
32
Q

Enabling act

A
  • Hitler needed more deputies
  • Hitler had all 81 KPD deputies arrested and imprisoned
  • 26 out of 120 SPD deputies were arrested or went into hiding
  • National party(52) agreed to support Hitler because their views are similar
  • Centre party (73) were persuaded to vote for Hitler
  • SA and SS swarmed arroudn the meeting
  • 444 votes to 94
33
Q

Effects of the Enabling Act

A
  • End of Weimar constitution
  • Gave Hitler power to apss any laws
  • Reichstag only met 12 times
  • Local government reorganised to have Nazis as majority in each and then abolished in 1934
  • Trade union offices broke into and arrested leaders
  • German Workers’ Front created and workers forced to join
  • SDP and KPD suspended
  • All political parties banned in 1933
34
Q

Reasons for reducing SS

A
  • Rohm rivals Hitler’s power
  • Himmler + SS are jealous of the SA
  • Rohm = alcoholic, homosexual, a bad influence = corrupt Hitler youth
  • Rohm wants to push through social policies
  • SA = drunken thugs
  • SA affects Nazi/army relationship
  • Rohm vs Generals
  • SA started stealing army supplies
  • Could lead to coup by army
35
Q

Night of the long knives 1934

A
  • 200 SA officers arrested
  • 90+ of those arrested are killed
  • Revenge: Von Kahr, Schieicher, Gregor Strasser killed
  • Von Papen arrested and sent to Austria
  • Hitler claimed Rohm was leading a coup
36
Q

Nazi rule

A
  • Hitler was totalitarian
  • One party state
  • Nazi controlled police, courts, radio, newspapers, education, films, arts, trade unions, churches, etc
  • Indoctrination
  • Censorship
  • Propaganda
  • Germany was a police state
  • Concentration camp opened in 1933 and there was a network
37
Q

Terror and police state

A
  • Germans could be arrested and imprisoned without trial
  • New central court “People’s Court” - No juries - Judges expected to support Nazi policies - No right of appeal - Many political opponents sentenced to death by these courts and executed
  • SS and Gestapo brought together under Himmler
  • SS responsible for identifying and arresting political prisoners and for running camps
  • Gestapo responsible for state security
  • People suspected of opposition sent to prison or camps
38
Q

Censorship

A
  • Newspapers controlled
  • Radio programmes controlled
  • Ministry of propaganda made a list of unacceptable literature and the Gestapo had power to search bookshops and libraries to sieze such publications
  • Writers, actors, and musicians had to join the Reich Chamber of Commerce
39
Q

Propaganda messages

A
  • Supremacy of the Aryan race and the inferiority of the Jews and other races
  • Tremendous work being done by the Nazis to deal with communism
  • Different roles of men and women in society and the importance of family
  • All citizens had a duty to suffer for the good of the nation
40
Q

Policy towards education and young people

A
  • Made sure Children grew as Nazis
  • Children are more vulnerable to influence and control
  • Children would spread the message to their families
  • Well educated populus
  • Teacers had to join Nazi teachers Association
  • Curriculum and textbooks changed
41
Q

Policy on school curriculum

A
  • Race studies taught Aryans were superior
  • More time in PE for health and prepare boys to become soldiers
  • Examples in math problems used military problems
  • History taught children about tht rise of the Nazis
  • Biolobgy emphasised supremacy of Aryans
  • Geography taught children about the need for living space
  • Domesti cscience taught to female students to prepare them for their futures as wives and mothers
42
Q

Youth movements

A
  • Pre 1933: Wandering bird; scouts; and more ran by churches or political parties
  • 1933: Youth groups banned except Catholic church one
  • 1936 Hitler Youth Law - Mandatory for 10-18 year olds to join
  • Spent evening and weekends away from parents
  • Activities were fun
  • Members encouraged to report non-Nazis
  • By 1939, 8m were members
43
Q

Women in the 1920s

A
  • Increasingly important
  • Teachers, doctors, civil servants
  • 10% of the Reichstag
  • Express themselves through fashion
  • Falling birthrate
44
Q

Women under the Nazis - Babies and Marrriage

A
  • Propaganda campaign to encourage fertility
  • Contraception and abortion banned
  • 1933 law of encouragement of marriage provided loans but only if the women left work
  • Medals awarded for child birth
  • German women’s enterprise organisaiton trained women in household skills
45
Q

Women under the Nazis - Traditional Attitudes

A
  • Nazi belief in ‘traditional’ women as wives and mothers
  • KKK - Children cooking, church
  • Encouraged to not use makeup
  • Encouraged to wear hoemmade clothes and no heels
  • Smoking and drinking discouraged as unhealthy and ‘unlady’ like
  • Slimming discouraged as it was beleived larger women gave birth easier
46
Q

Women under Nazis - problems

A
  • Nazi ideas created economic problems
  • As more men joined the army, there was a need for more workers
  • Nazis had to relax limits on women working
  • 1939, 50% women were working than 1933
47
Q

Catholic Church

A
  • Loyal to pope
  • Ran youth groups
  • Cooperated with Nazis at first
  • 1933, signed the concordat - agreement that church would not get involved in political affairs and Nazis would allow the church to have freedom of worhip and to run its own groups and schools
  • Hitler broke the agreement
  • Catholic newspapers censored
  • Nazi propaganda hinted at financial corruption
  • 1937 - Pope Pius XI pushed back with a statement attackign Nazis
  • Statement read in all churches
48
Q

Catholic Church

A
  • Made illegal
  • Some church properties seized by Nazis
  • Catholic schools closed
  • Priests arrested if spoke out
49
Q

Protestant Church

A
  • Many were nationalists and agreed with Nazis
  • Called themselves ‘SA of the church’ and mixed Chiristian beliefs with Nazi beliefs
  • 1933 - Protestant Church became Reich church
  • Non nazi pastors were expelled
  • Martin Niemoller and Deitrich Bonhueffer set up the Confessional Church in 1934 - Argues Nazis should styay out of church matters - arrested and sent to camps
50
Q

Nazi racial policies

A
  • 1933 - Sterilisation Law passed
  • 1936 - Juvenile delinquents, tramps, homosexualms, and Jews sent to camps
  • 1938 - Gypsies also sent to camps
  • Intermarriage between gypsies and Germans banned in 1935
  • 1938 - A decree for the ‘Struggle against the Gypsy plague’ forced gypsies to register with the state
  • 1939 - People with mental illnesses put to death
  • 1941 - policy abandoned after public protests
  • 1935 - Marriage ebtween black and aryans banned
51
Q

Jewish persecution

A
  • Aprill 1933 - Nazi government organised a nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses
  • 1935 - Jews banned form public places and the army
  • September 1935 - Nuremberg Laws introduced - Jews and Aryans could not marry - Jews could no longer hold a German passport or vote
  • 1939 Janurary - Reich Office for Jewish Emigration was set up and was responsible for speeding up the emigration of Jews
  • Nazis banned Emigration in 1941 but by then 2/3 of Jews had fled the country
  • 1938 - All possesions had to be registered with the government - Jews were made to carry identity cards at all times - Jewish professionals were not allowe dto work for non jews
52
Q

Night of the Broken Glass

A
  • German official in the Paris Embassy murdered by a Jew
  • 800 Shops owned by Jews destroyed
  • 191 syangogues vandalised or set on fire
  • Many Jewish homes attacked and property was damaged or stolen
  • 91 Jews killes - 30,000 arrested
  • Fined Jewish community 1 billion Reichsmarks to pay for the damage as most of the property was rented from German landlords
53
Q

Nazis first economic plan

A
  • Designed ro reduce imports and reduce unemployment
  • Trade agreements with other countries to guarantee Germany’s supply of resources
  • Began projects to create work - wroad building
  • Provided Hitler with money he needed to rearm Germany
54
Q

Four Year Plan

A
  • Making Germany self sufficient in oil, steel, rubber
  • Scientists set to work to find substitutes for resources
  • Called it autarky
  • Accompanied by a propaganda campaign to persuade people to buy German products and eat onyl German food
  • Limited success
  • Frequent food shortages and rationing
  • 1939 - Germany had to import 1/3 of its raw material
55
Q

Economic problems

A
  • 1939 - debt over 40 billion marks
  • Germany was importing more than it exported
  • Consumption of absic foodstuffs dropped between 1937-39
56
Q

Reducing unemployment

A
  • Continued policies first introduced by Weimar after the Wall Street Crash - doubled spending on public works programmes
  • Hitler began to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy and rearmament became important
  • Work of Schat and Goering was important in helping unemployment
  • Expansion of army created employment
  • Nazis paid private companies to create jobs
57
Q

Reality of unemployment

A
  • Many of the data does not include ‘invisible unemployment’
  • Women not included in figures
  • Jews were no longer citizens and were not included in figures
  • National Labour Service set up to organise unemployed men to do manual work - was not counted as uneployed
  • Anoyne who had temporary employment was counted as being in full employment
  • Statistics does not tell us what life was life for Germans who were employed - high number of hours - high cost of living
58
Q

German Labour Front

A
  • Intended to ensure efficient running of industry
  • Main aims were to get workers to work harder and to control wages
  • Wanted more work without pay so it ran two programmes to improve workers’ lives in other ways
59
Q

Strength through joy

A
  • Purpose was to run activities for workers in their leisure time
  • Created satisfied workers who would work harder and be more productive
  • Reewards offered for the hardest workers
  • Responsible for the Volkswagen project
60
Q

Beauty of labour

A
  • Responsible for improving working conditions
  • Encouraged employers to provide canteens serving hot meals and sport and leisure facilities
  • Facilities were provided by expected workers to build them in their spare time
61
Q

Ghettos

A
  • Jews forced to move
  • Walled off, crowded, unsanitary
  • Food restricted, diseases spread rapidly
  • 4000 Jews died per month
  • Jews had to pay for the wall to be built
62
Q

Eastern Relocation

A
  • Warsaw Jews resettled in the east
  • 250,000 transported to eastern camps
63
Q

Death Squads

A
  • German invasion of USSR included eastern POland and Baltic States
  • Army followed by Einsatzgruppen
  • Einsatzgruppen reounded up JEws and other undesireables and executed them
  • Intially shot, and then changed to mobile gas chambers
  • Over 1.2m civillians murdered by 1943
64
Q

Final solution

A
  • Labour camps built in eastern POland
  • 6 million Jews and 5 million non Jews died in camps
  • Jews sent to camps divided into two groups; fit to work and not fit to work
  • Medical experiments done on many
  • Poison gas replaced shooting
  • Bodies burned
65
Q

Keeping it secret

A
  • Propaganda movies showing camps as resettlement and labour camps
  • Tricked Jewish leaders into organising Jews for resettlement
  • Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943
  • 56,000 Jews were shot or sent to camps
  • When war was being lost, the Germans began to destroy evidence
66
Q

Evacuation

A
  • Germans made plans to evacuate children from major cities
  • 1942 - mass evcuation to rural areas began
  • 2.5m children were evacuated by kinderlandreishickung
  • Children evacuated to camps supervised by Hitler Youth Leaders
67
Q

Rationing

A
  • Started in August 1939
  • Food stamps issued
  • COvered abasic level of nutrition
  • Unhappiness during winters of 1939/40 and 1940/41
  • Early war successes allowed peopel to over look rationing
  • 1942 Government cut rations due to shortages
  • End of the war - 3m German refugees from the east added to the problems and there was starvation
68
Q
A
69
Q

Total war

A
  • Operation Barbarossa into the USSR - June 1941
  • Advance came to a halt
  • Soviet tactic of ‘Scorched Earth Policy” led to shortages
  • Failures in USSR and the Battle of Britain put Germany under great strain
  • Feb 1943 - Goebbels announced “total war”
  • Growing shortage of labour had to be addressed
  • Early years used workers from occupied countries
  • October 1941 - Hitler announced SOviet POW’s would be used - by 1944 there were 7m
  • Janurary 1943 all men 16-65, women 17-45 had to be available to work
  • Small and unessential businesses were closed and workers transferred
  • August 1944 worker holidays banned and 60 hour work week introduced
  • Professional sports team and places of entertainment shut down
  • Postal services reduced to save fuel
  • Volksstrum (home guard) formed. Boys as young as 12 forced to join
70
Q

Effects of Allied Bombing

A
  • British RAF bombed Germany
  • 43 cities were bombed
  • Hamburg bombing of 1943 killed 42,000 and forced 1m to flee
  • Stories of bravery and determination were spread
  • WElfare organisation to provide aid
  • Bombing had a negative effect
  • Ruhr valley raids in 1944 reduced metal production by 40%
  • Destruction of infrastructure more important than industries
71
Q

Changing role of women

A
  • Initially pushed out of work
  • Some returned in 1936 to support rearmament
  • Fewer women in work in 1939 than 1929
  • With men leaving to war, government had the power to enscripy women
  • Goering ordered women with no children to work
  • 1943 - extra half million were working
  • 1945 - Hitler finally agreed to let women up to 50 (originally 45) to work
  • 60% of labour force at the ened of the war
  • Huge psychological impact on women

History revised (8 decks)

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