Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History revised > China before communism > Flashcards

China before communism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

Manchuria/Qing dynasty

A
  • Ruled by an emperor
  • Mandate of heaven
  • Han formed 90% of the population byut the Manchu ruled
  • Mandarins
  • Arranged marriages
  • Emperor began to lose the Mandate of Heaven
  • Britian gained great wealth as a reult of the opium trade and victory in the opium wars
  • Japan defeated China in war in 1894
  • France seized territory in the south
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Internal weaknesses

A
  • Women had the least rights and were considered as property
  • Most of population were peasants and had few rights
  • Hatred of Manchus
  • Undeveloped
  • Mandarins did not grow in size
  • Tax collection was difficult and corrupt
  • Doubled population
  • Everyone was addicted to opium
  • Sino-centric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Foreign threats

A
  • Britain had gained great wealth as a result of the opium trade and victory in opium wars
  • Japan had defeated China in war in 1894 and took control of Korea
  • France had seized territory in the South
  • Western demands to open trades
  • Britain sold opium because they were spending too much on tea
  • America sought to have China s an open marker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Domestic rebellions

A
  • People chopping off their pig tails
  • Taiping Rebellion 1850-64
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of the Boxer Revellion

A
  • Emperor Guangxu introduced ‘The Hundred Days Reform’ - Made China into a constitutional monarchy
  • Empress Dowager Cixi strongly opposed the reforms and seized control of the government and ended the reforms
  • Chinese hatred of foreigners included the hatred of their religion and fear of their technology
  • Cixi encouraged attacks on foreigners to avoid criticism of imperial rule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Boxer Rebellion 1899

A
  • Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists began carrying out attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians
  • Boxers: Mostly peasants who suffered from natural disasters such as famine and flooding - believed concessions given to foreigners made their life harder
  • Attacked Christian missonaries, burned churches and schools, killed both foreign and Chinese Christians
  • Boxers had support of Cixi who declared war on foreigners but were unable to defeat the defenses of the British legation
  • Many boxers were executed in the streets by international forces
  • Cixi and emperor diguised themselves as peasants and fled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Impact of the Boxer Rebellion

A
  • Showed imperial house could not free China from foreign control
  • Tightening of foreign control in China
  • Severe financial penalty - 67 million pounds in reparations to be paid over 39 years
  • Westerners insisted on the destruction of China’s military fortifications and arsenals of weapons
  • Ten officials executed
  • Foreign soldiers placed permanetly in and around Beijin
  • ## Cixi allowed a series of reforms to be started to save the reputation of the royal house
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Self Strengthening and Reform 1902-11

A
  • Purpsoe was to learn from foreigners, copt their sciences and technology, and to apply it in exploiting China’s resources
  • Introduction of provincial assemblies with a limited right to vote
  • Establishment of a new army under Manchu control
  • Establishment of a National Consultative Council to be a cabinet with responsibility to advise the government
  • Aboilition of foot binding
  • Reform of the civil service 1905: Removal of the traditional examination that had led to a Mandarin domination
  • Nationalisation of the railways to provide greater control by the Qing government
  • Educational reforms with the new establishment of military academies and the itnroduction of scholarships to study abroad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of the 1911 Revolution

A
  • Power of Qing dynasty significantly reduced after Boxer Uprising
  • Weak government - Emperor only 2 years old - Prince Chun ruled but was ineperienced
  • Failure of political reforms - too little and late - domination of Manchus in the new National Consultative Council increased Han resentment - Only 0.4$ of the population had the right to vote and all changes were delayed for 9 years - failure to faster reforms increased support for revolution
  • Consequences of the army reform - expensive, increasing tax already high from reparations - Chun fired Yuan Shikai leading him to get his revenge
  • Spead of revolutionary ideas - Sun Yat Sen, educated in the west brought ideas of nationalism and republicanism
  • Growing resentment over the control of China’s railways - Owners did not receive full compensation for giving up ownership - Qing expanded railways by borrowing more money from Western powers and granted more consessions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The 1911 Revolution

A
  • Soldiers in Wuhan began a mutiny which spread to other provinces
  • Declared themselves independent from government control
  • Han soldiers revolted against Manchu control and massacred Manchu troops
  • Yuan Shikai agreed to put down rebellion but when he reached Wuhan, he switched sides
  • Yuan Shikai returned to Beijin to form a Han government
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Results of 1911 Revolution

A
  • Sun Yat Sen offered position of president however Yuan persuaded Sun to step down
  • Yuan promised to persuade the Manchus to abdicate and to replace the imperial system with a republic
  • Yuan made leader and wanted to be the emperor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rule of Yuan Shikai

A
  • Ruled China as a dictator from 1912 to 1916
  • Tried to make himself emperor in 1915 - made him unopular with Sun’s new party the GMD - military governors in the provinces feared they would lose authority if Yuan took more power
  • Yuan accepted most of Japan’s Twenty One Demands (gave Japan control over territory, forced China to appoint Japanese advisers and buy weapons from Japan)
  • Army revolted against Yuan in December 1915
  • Forced to abandon his plan to become emperor
  • Died in 1916
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Era of the Warlords 1916-27

A
  • No military general who could rule China after Yuan’s death
  • Central government collapsed
  • Power exercised by powerful local generals in provinces known as warlords
  • Ran their own legal and financial systems, collected taxes, and terrorised their populations
  • Hundreds of warlords with different ideas and styles of ruling
  • Some ruled by moral values
  • Some were violent
  • Some believed in the use of cruel punishments for thier soldiers to warn them against attempting to mutiny
  • None of them were prepared to give up their private armies or submit to an outside authority
  • Cruel rulers
  • Made agreements with foreign powers who wanted to protect their economic interests
  • Great suffering for the Chinese people
  • No effective government to organise relief when struck by drought in 1918 and flooding in 1923-25
  • Increasing numbers of Chiense people turned to revolutionary ideas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

May the Fourth Movement 1919

A
  • Driven by the news that Japan was to be given German possessions in the Shandong province
  • Chinese territory previously ruled by Germany handed over to Japan
  • May 4, 1919 students from Beijin University led a protest in Tiananmen Sqare
  • Called on the government to resist this treatment of China
  • Protests and strikes
  • China’s governemnt refused to sign the treaty
  • Development of rejecting old fashioned ideas and the adoption of modern beliefs includign freedom, democracy, and equal rights
  • Known as the New Tide
  • Inspired revolutionary groups to fight to achieve unity and independence for China in the 1920s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sun Yat Sen

A
  • Educated in Haiwaii
  • Studied in British owned Hong Kong and converted to CHristianity
  • Led rebellion in 1895, but exiled after it failed
  • Returned to China after 1911 revolution
  • Set up his own nationalist government in Guangzhou when he returned in 1917, GMD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sun’s Three Principles

A
  • National freedom: To remove foreigners and to restore China’s nationalism
  • The Democracy Principle: The Chinese people to control their own government through elections
  • People’s welfare: To solve the problem of poverty in China by developing government owned industries and protecting native industry from foreign powers
17
Q

Guomindang

A
  • Announced the political idealogy of the GMD called the ‘Three Principles of the People’
  • Main idea was to remove foreign control and then raise up the Chinese out of poverty and old fashioned world in which they lived
  • GMD needed to overthow the warlords to take control of China
  • Sun established the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924
  • GMD became a military organisation known as the New Republican Army
  • Assisted by advisors from the Bolshevik governemtn in Russia
18
Q

Chiang Kai Shek

A
  • Appointed commander of the GMD army
  • Replaced Sun after he died in 1925
  • Led the campaign to overthrow the warlords
19
Q

Emergence of CCP

A
  • May the Fourth Movement spread ideas of communism
  • Support from the successful communist revolution in Russia in 1917
  • China was similar to Russia in that both countries were old fashioned
  • CCP founded in secret in Shanghai 1921
  • Chen Duxui elected as the general secretary
20
Q

Influence ofthe USSR

A
  • Bolshevik government wanted to encourage the spread of the revolution and to protect its border with China
  • Convinced best way was to work with the GMD
  • CCP was too small to achieve revolution
  • Conditions in China were not ready for a Marxist revolution - very few workers in China
  • Three Principles were rooted in ideas of equality and was similar to communist ideas
  • Established the CCp to work with the GMD to overthrow warlords
21
Q

Establishment of the United Front 1924-27

A
  • Common aims - destory warlords - expel foreigners from China - improve lives of ordinary Chinese people
  • Encouraged by the 30 May incident 1925 - protest by workers stopped when British commander shot into the crowd and killed 12 people
  • 1926, Chiang called to join a battle to destroy warlords
22
Q

Northern Expedition 1926-28

A
  • Strategy was to surround each individual warlord’s army, cut off suppply and steadily destory it
  • Help of Soviet advisor Galen buily NRA to be efefctive
  • Taught the NRA the value of surrounding enemy’s troops as a way of achieving victory
  • Troops taught to treat local populations with respect to win support of local populations who disliked the warlords
  • United Front took control of Central China by 1928
  • Declared GMD the legal government of China and moved the capital city to Nanjing
  • Victory from the strength and tactics of the united front, role of Communists gaining support of the peasants, deals made by Chiang with the warlords- Chiang bribed warlords anda llowed them to keep their private armies if they submitted to the control of the GMD
23
Q

Shanghai Massacres 1927

A
  • Chiang suspicious of Communists
  • GMD relied on businessmen for financial support
  • Communists organised a general strike and left wing uprisings to occupy Shanghai
  • Chiang supported by Shanghai’s industrialists and traders who opposed trade unions and by foreigners in the international settlement
  • Frenzy of killing called ‘White Terror’
  • 5000 Communists dragged out and killed
  • Attack spread to other areas.

Response:
- Staged the Autumn Harvest Uprising
- Army too small to take on the NRA
- Mao and his followers forced to flee to the mountains of Jiangxi
- Chinese Soviet Republic set up
- Spend the next 7 years

24
Q

Extermination Campaigns 1930-34

A
  • Chiang launched five campaigns to destory communists
  • First: Launched in Oct 1930, 44000 NRA troops directed at the Communists in Jiangxi but failed
  • Second: Directing 100,000 troops against the CCP in July 1931 - met with opposition form peasants
  • Troops burned down villages and massacred inhabitants because of opposition from peasants
  • Many peasants were unwilling to help GMD
  • In 1933, Nationalists established a blockade around the Soviets - 11,000km of roads - scorched earth policy
  • Oct 1934, no alternative but to abandon Jiangxi - Lost over 60,000 soldiers and more than half of their territory
25
Q

Jiangxi Soviet

A
  • Mao developed his version of communism that relied on the peasants as the force for revolution
  • By October 1934, it was clear that Chiang’s approach meant the Communists could not survive if they remained in the Jiangxi Soviet
  • Night of 16 Octover, 80,000-100,000 Communists broke out of the Jiangxi Soviet and Began to march north
26
Q

The Long March 1934

A
  • Followed by the GMD army
  • Safety in Yanan
  • First led by Comintern adviser Otto Braun
  • After meeting at Zunyi in Janurary 1935, Mao Zedong and Zhu De, took control of the party
  • Dveloped new tactic which led the armyt in a series of suprising directions and involved dividng the forces and regrouping in order to escape the GMD
  • Crossed the Yangtze River and then the Dadu river
  • Became a tale of outstanding bravery and success
  • Thousands died of hunger, drowned, or froze to death
  • Only 10,000 marchers survived
27
Q

Importance of the Long March

A
  • Turned into a brave myth of survival by the CCP
  • In reality it was an act of desperation
  • Nationalist ocntrl of China was secure as GMD was officially recognised
  • Provided excellent propaganda and createed martyrs for the communist clause
  • Promoted the idea of comradeship and self sacrifice
  • Encouraged support for the Red Army from the peasants who had been treated well by the soldiers as they marched through villages
  • Established Mao as leader and allowed CCP to develop theory of communism in practice at Yanan
28
Q

Japan

A
  • Invaded Manchuria in 1931 and turned it into a puppet state
  • 1931-37, Japanese strengthened their position in China in the areas that they ha doccupied
  • 1936, began to expand into new territories
  • Chiang intitially allowed the Japanese to take land as he was convinced they could never occupy a large country as hina
  • Made Chiang unpopular and could not be continued once the Japanese began a full scale occupation policy
  • July 1937, Chiang declared war with Japan
29
Q

Formation of a Second United Front

A
  • Chiang considered Communists as a greater threat and therefore accepted the Japanese occupation
  • Chiang had relied on deals with the warlords to keep control of the ocuntry
  • Warlords wanted Chiang to focus removing the Japanese rather than fighting with the Communists
  • Warlords pressured Chiang to work with the Communists to force the Japanese out
30
Q

Events in the War against Japan

A
  • First 4 years, the war went bad - Japan captured major cities forcing Chiang’s government to flee to Chongqing
  • USA, USSR, and Brtian supplied China with resources and funding to defeat Japan
31
Q

Role of the CCP and the Red Army

A
  • CCP was a powerful force
  • Memebership expanded rapidly - 40,000 in 1937 to 1.2 millino 1945
  • Mao won land lords over by applying rent controls rather than trying to wipe them out as a class enemy
  • Peasants informed Red Armyt about the position of the Japanese and provided them with food and shelter
  • Many peasants were recruited to the red army
  • ‘100 Regiments Offensive” - Red Army’s success - 400,000 Communists attacked the Japanese
  • Communists appeared to be much more determined to defeat Japan than the GMD
  • Guerrilla tactics
  • Propaganda that Communists saved China
32
Q

Limitations of the GMD

A
  • Poor performance in war
  • Chiang persisted in seeing Communists as the real enemy
  • Wasted resources to fight with Communists
  • GMD areas suffereed heavy bombing
  • GMD guerrilla warfare had little impact
  • GMD army often lacked the will to fight and tended to break down under pressure
  • GMD forces were recruited by force and displine which meant they lacked loyalty
  • GMD government was dishonest
  • GMD was unpopular with peasants - economic policies imposed high taxes and allowed some to get richer throgh storing up goods for their own personal use and then buying and selling goods on the black market
  • GMD unpopular beacuse of the way they treated the peasants and the methods used to conscript them
33
Q

Outbreak of Civil War

A
  • GMD and CCP were not ready to take control of China
  • As Japanese troops retreated from occupied territories, both sides tried to occupy as much territory
  • USSSR send its army into Manchuria trying to take control
  • Chiang was in the stronger position
  • USA persuaded the Natioanlists and Communists to stop fighting
34
Q

Stages of Civil War

A
  • First stage between July 1946 to May 1947 - the GMD was initially successful, capturing cities, and establishing a route to Manchuria - However, CCP developed successful guerilla tactics and by May 1947, controled northern Manturia
  • Second stage between May 1947 to November 1948 - PLA launched full scale attacks on the GMD and switched to conventional ewarfare - GMD became cut off from the rest of China in its shrining territory
  • Final stage Dec 1948 to October 1949 - Communists enjoyed tremendous success
35
Q

Battle of Huai Hai November 1948 to Janurary 1949

A
  • Most decisive battle
  • Men abandoned Chiang’s NRA to join PLA
  • NRA lacked aircraft
  • Nationalists did not have enough food as Mao destoryed the area surrounding Xuzhou
  • Chiang reefused to allow leaders of his army units to retreat resulting in 200,000 men lost
  • Surreneded on 10 Janurary 1949
  • Broke the strength of the NRA and opened China to the Communnists
  • USA did not give anymore funding to the GMD
  • Chiang fled to Taiwan and set up an alternative government
36
Q

Reasons for success in civil war

Military

A
  • Mao was a skilled leader - Lin Biao was an outstanding military general and was skilled at guerrilla warfare
  • Chiang was a poor military leader who could not ige authority to those with the necessary skills
  • PLA used a wide range tactics adpated to the situation
  • GMD made tactical errors - sending troops into Manchuria before they coiintroleld the rest oif North eastern China - GMD could not supply its troops and lost 500,000 men
  • PLA was disciplined that was motivated by communism - treated villages with respect gaining support and men to join the army
  • NRA was a conscript army that was pporly supplied and cruelly treated
37
Q

Reasons for success of civil war

Political

A
  • Mao’s leadership was unchallenged, creating a secure chain of command, preventing disputed during the war
  • Local populations in committees to discuss reforms in areas under communist control created a positive impression in which government would be seen as acitng for the benefit of the masses
  • Propaganda
  • Political position of GMD weakening
  • GGMD was corrupt and unskilled
  • No implementation of three principles
  • Chiang set up a dictatorship and favoured bankers, landlords, and merchants
  • GMD was never able to raise enough taxes to fund the government
38
Q

Reasons for success of civil war

Economics and social

A
  • Support from peasants
  • Introduction of land reform in the country side
  • Peasants who used violence on landlords hgad much to fear from a return of the GMD and were committed to supporting the CCP
  • Support of middle classes
  • Won support of middle classes as a result of its loyalty to China during the Japanese war which differd from the GMD
  • Chiang had printed more money to finance his government leading to inflation
  • ## Chiang introduced reforms to repair this damage but was too little and too late

History revised (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions