Rise of Behaviorism

Question 1

focuses on observable behavior rather than on consciousness or mental functioning.

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

discovered classical conditioning – quite by accident

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Question 3

Developed “Operant Conditioning” - the principle Law of Effect: behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated, and behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.

Answer 3

Edward Thorndike (1874–1949)

Question 4

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated, and behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.

Answer 4

The Law of Effect

Question 5

Renamed Thorndike’s “law of effect” to the “principle of reinforcement,”

Answer 5

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Question 6

refers to the strengthening of a tendency to respond by virtue of the presentation of a pleasant event

Answer 6

Positive Reinforcement

Question 7

strengthens a response, but it does so via the removal of an aversive event, such as when the beeping noise in your car stops once you fasten your seatbelt.

Answer 7

Negative Reinforcement

Question 8

This type of conditioning may contribute to the persistence of aggressive behavior. Aggression is often rewarded, as when one child hits another to secure the possession of a toy (getting the toy is the reinforcer). Parents may also unwittingly reinforce aggression by giving in when their child becomes angry or threatens violence to achieve some goal, such as staying up late to watch Netflix or play video games.

Answer 8

Operant Conditioning

Question 9

this therapy applied procedures based on classical and operant conditioning to alter clinical problems.

Answer 9

Behavior Therapy

Question 10

A behavior therapy technique used to treat phobias and anxiety today is called ________________.

Answer 10

Systematic Desensitization

Question 11

Systematic Desensitization was developed by

Answer 11

Joseph Wolpe in 1958

Question 12

Systematic Desensitization includes these two components

Answer 12

1 Deep muscle relaxation and 2 gradual exposure to feared situations

Question 13

how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders.

Answer 13

Cognitive Therapy

Question 14

By becoming more aware of their maladaptive thoughts – changing cognition, therapists hope that people can change their feelings, behaviors, and symptoms

Answer 14

The goal of Cognitive Therapy

Question 15

Developed Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Answer 15

Albert Ellis (1913-2007)

Question 16

Eliminating self-defeating beliefs or negative internal sentences that people say to themselves – , This therapy should be focused on these beliefs rather than on historical causes or, indeed, on overt behavior.

Answer 16

REBT