Rights and Freedoms

Question 1

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):

Answer 1

• Adopted by the Un General Assembly after WW2
• Defines the fundamental rights of individuals, & encourages all governments to protect these rights.
• December 10, 1948, at Palais de Chaillot, Paris
• Consists of 30 articles

Question 2

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four freedoms:

Answer 2

Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom from fear and freedom from want.

Question 3

UDHR Article 1:

Answer 3

“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”

Question 4

UDHR Article 2:

Answer 4

Everyone entitled to the rights in the declaration, indiscriminate of race, colour, sex, language, political or other opinions, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Question 5

UDHR Article 3:

Answer 5

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Question 6

Stolen Generation:

Answer 6

The Children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments - Between 1909 and 1969.

Question 7

Assimilation Policy:

Answer 7

1937 Federal and State Government agreement that forced Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders to abandon their own culture and adopt the way of life of white Australians.

Question 8

Stolen Generation Apology:

Answer 8

Kevin Rudd on the 13th February 2008.

Question 9

Indigenous right to vote:

Answer 9

17 December 1965

Question 10

Indigenous rights referendum:

Answer 10

May 27, 1967

Question 11

Brown vs board of education - 1954

Answer 11

A man was denied the opportunity to enrol his daughter in an all-white primary school. Created a change to the system, with the supreme court outlawing segregation in schools.

Question 12

Emmitt Till Murder - 1955

Answer 12

Emmit was lynched for “wolf-whistling” with a white woman. His killers were acquitted despite admitting to doing it.

Question 13

Montgomery Bus Boycott, Alabama - 1955

Answer 13

Rosa Parks refused to move from the part of the bus reserved for white people. This inspired the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which eventually led to the desegregation of buses.

Question 14

Sit-in campaigns - 1960

Answer 14

People sat or refused to move in places refusing to serve or allow black people. The white solution was to arrest 20,000 people despite the peaceful protests, and resulted in no positive legislation.

Question 15

Freedom Riders - 1961

Answer 15

Desegregation on buses was not actually being enforced in the Southern States. The Congress of Racial Equality travelled interstate sitting on ‘white-only’ seats, and when they entered the Southern States they encountered mob violence.

Question 16

Birmingham Protests, Alabama - 1963

Answer 16

Sit-ins and marches protesting segregation occurred in Alabama. The Governor set fire hoses and dogs upon the thousands of demonstrators. It was broadcast on TV, and it made President Kennedy draft a Civil Rights Bill.

Question 17

Civil Rights Act - 1964

Answer 17

• Discrimination in all public and service places was banned.
• It became illegal for businesses employing over 25 people to discriminate based on race, origin, religion or gender.
• THe Attorney-General could file lawsuits to ensure desegregation, integrated education and equal voting rights occurred.

Question 18

Jim Crow Laws:

Answer 18

Enforced the segregation of races in most aspects of US life and effectively resigned African-Americans to second-class citizens.p

Question 19

NAACP:

Answer 19

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People.

Question 20

Australian Freedom Rides:

Answer 20

Led by Student Action for Aborigines (SAFA), and Charles Perkins along with other Sydney University students. Aimed to draw attention to racial discrimination suffered by Aboriginal Australians.

Question 21

Walgett Australian Freedom Ride:

Answer 21

A huge demonstration was held outside the RSL over their refusal to admit Aboriginal ex-servicemen. The peaceful protest received violent backlash from the town and the bus was driven off the road by a truck. The protest headlined all of the Sydney papers the following morning.

Question 22

Moree Australian Freedom Ride:

Answer 22

Aboriginal people were denied access to the pool, and the freedom riders had the rule changed. On their departure, the ruling was overturned, so the riders and their members of the press returned again. They were spat on, pushed over and abused.

Question 23

Lasting effects of the stolen generation (found in 1997 Bringing them home report):

Answer 23

• Separation from primary carer
• Mental and physical health problems
• Delinquency and behavioural problems
• Undermined parenting skills
• Loss of cultural heritage
• Broken families and communities
• Racism

Question 24

Social Darwinism (white superiority):

Answer 24

The belief that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders needed to be civilised and Christianized for their own benefit,

Question 25

Terra Nullius:

Answer 25

Empty land

Question 26

Ku Klux Klan:

Answer 26

Secret society that beat, intimidated and murdered African Americans

Question 27

Aboriginal protest associations:

Answer 27

SAFA, Australian Aboriginals Progressive Association, Australian Aborigines League.

Question 28

Wave Hill protest: - Land handover with Gough Whitlam

Answer 28

Vincent Langiari led a group of aborigines in a protest for equal pay, prompted the 1967 referendum which acknowledged the aboriginals as citizens.

Question 29

Mabo decision of 1992:

Answer 29

Eddie Mabo and associates vs Queensland officially recognised and set a precedent for aboriginals as being the official owners of the land. High Court ruled that “terra nullius” never should have been applied to the land. Created an opening in legislation for aboriginals to claim ownership of their land, honoured traditions and created conservation.

Question 30

Tent Embassy Aus Day 1972:

Answer 30

Protest for NT land rights, legal title, the preservation of sacred sights, legal title and mining rights to areas in and around cities. Led to discussions with opp leader Gough Whitlam, who became PM the following year and abolished assimilation. Created a political voice and influence, and allowed for the Racial Discrimination Act, Native Title Act, Wik Decision.

Question 31

2008 Rudd apology:

Answer 31

Acknowledged the wrongdoings in policy and action of the past (assimilation), created opportunity for a united progression forward and recognised aboriginals as completely equal and expressed intent for a prosperous future.