Rights and Freedoms

Question 1

American Civil Rights Movements

Answer 1

Movements for racial equality mainly in 50s and 60s

Question 2

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 2

Laws established in 1870s, mandating racial segregation in all former confederate states and some others

Question 3

What were (US) Freedom Rides

Answer 3

A series of protests conducted by both white and black people who rode buses together to the American South in 1961 which was met with extreme hostility

Question 4

March on Washington

Answer 4

1963, MLK Jr organises March on Washington after protestor is shot dead. MLK Jr gives “I have a Dream” speech

Question 5

What was Protection Policy?

Answer 5

State Governments empowered to take control of the lives of Indigenous people as it was believed they couldn’t survive without government’s help.

Question 6

When was the UN established?

Answer 6

1945

Question 7

What is Decolonisation?

Answer 7

Push for independence from colonial powers. Post WW2

Question 8

The Cold War

Answer 8

Period of extreme tension between US and USSR from late 1940s to early 1990s

Question 9

How did US freedom Rides impact civil rights campaigners in Australia

Answer 9

Inspired people like Charles Perkins and students at USyd to campaign for equal rights for Indigenous peoples and conduct their own Freedom Ride

Question 10

NSW Freedom Ride and its Impact (WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, WHAT, IMPACT)

Answer 10

WHEN: 1965
WHERE: Rural NSW, Walgett, Moree
WHO: Charles Perkins and USyd Students
WHY: To raise awareness of discrimination
WHAT: Bus ride through rural NSW. Protesting against ban on Aborignal ex-servicemen at RSL in Walgett and ban from community pool in Moree. Met with hostility.
IMPACT; Raised international awareness of racism in Australia, led to 1967 Referendum

Question 11

1938 Day of Mourning

Answer 11

• 150th Anniversary of 1st Fleet Arrival
• Led by Ngapa William Cooper, activists prepared resolution protesting against racist treatment
• This made Australians think about whether this was an appropriate day to celebrate

Question 12

The Stolen Generations

Answer 12

• WHEN: 1910 - 1970s
• Indigenous children forcibly removed from their families and raised in institutions
• Aim to assimilate them into white society
• These people lost their link to their family and culture

Question 13

When were indigenous people allowed to vote federally

Answer 13

1962

Question 14

What was the 1967 Referendum and why did it Occur?

Answer 14

• The Constitution didn’t condier Aborignals part of Australia
• 1967 Referendum changed the constitution so the federal government could make laws for Aboriginals
  Recieved the highest YES votes of all Australian Referendums

Question 15

1992 Mabo Decision and the Act it led to

Answer 15

• From 1982 a group of Meriam people led by Eddie Mabo lodged a case for legal ownership of Murray Island
• Queensland Parliament passed Torres Strait Coastal Islands Act in 1985, destroying the people’s case
• The Meriam challenged this legislation in 1986 and the HIgh Court ruled that it contravened with the Racial Discrimination Act
• In 1992 the High Court ruled that the Meriam held traditional ownership of the islands of Mer.
• This led to the passing of the 1993 Native Title Act which established that all Indigenous Australians could have access to Native Title

Question 16

UDHR (Origins, Significance, Role Australia played in its creation)

Answer 16

• Established in 1948
• First time countries agreed on a statement of human rights
• Result of 2nd World War and Holocaust
• Australia was one of 8 nations involved in drafting the UDHR

Question 17

Assimilation Policy

Answer 17

Officially adopted after a conference in 1937. The Fed Govt stated that all Aboriginals not of ‘full blood’ must conform to the white majority

Question 18

Wave Hill Walk Off (WHO, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW, IMPACT)

Answer 18

• Gurindji Community led by Vincent Lingiari
• Conducted in 23 August 1966
• Wave Hill Station
• Buchanan Family sells the Station to a corp called the Vestey Brothers. The Vestey Bros refused to pay the Aboriginal workers their wages.
• This led to Vincent and members of the Gurindji community going on strike
  The Community relocated and occupied a piece of land belong to Vestey in 1967, lobbying to reclaim their land
• In 1972, Gough Whitlam recognised the Aboriginals rights to the land and in 1974 he returned a portion of the Community’s homeland.
• Inspired the Uluru Handback and other

Question 19

Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act of 1976

Answer 19

• December 1976
• First legislation enabling First Nations’ People to claim land rights for Country where Traditional Ownership is proven
• This law was passed with bipartisan support
  Proving connection to land would be difficult for Aboriginals however due to dispossession and Stolen Generations

Question 20

Uluru Handback

Answer 20

• 1985
• Inspired by 1966 Wave Hill Walk Off, people of the Anangu people lobbied the NT Govt for rights to their lands which the NT Govt resisted
• The Uluru area was excluded from the 1976 Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act as it was declared a National Park
• The Hawke Govt gave the title for Uluru to the Anangu in 1985

Question 21

1997 Bringing Them Home Report

Answer 21

• In 1995 an inquiry was started into the separation of Indigenous children from their families as people believed that this aspect of history wasn’t given enough attention
• On 26 May 1997 the Inquiry tabled its final report ‘Bringing them Home’ in the Australian Parliament, the first time these events were formally acknowledged
• This led to WA Govt being first to apologise in 27 May 1997

Question 22

2008 Apology

Answer 22

• WA Govt was first to apologise in 27 May 1997
• By 2001 all state/territory Govts had issued apologies
• 13 Feb 2008 PM Kevin Rudd made formal apology to Indigenous People

Question 23

UN Peacekeeping Operations

Answer 23

UN Peacekeeping operations began in 1947. They are authorised by the security council and carried out using peacekeepers donated by members of the UN. The UN has used military force to resolve conflict on 3 occassions
1. Korean War (Australia participated)
2. Gulf War (Australia participated)
3. Suez Crisis

Question 24

Frontier Wars

Answer 24

Series of conflicts between Indigenous peoples and settlers between 1788 and 1928. Many massacres such as Myall Creek and Coniston were committed by Europeans

Question 25

Reserves and Aborigines Protection Board

Answer 25

• Indigenous People were kept in Reserves run either the Indigenous people, government managers or churches
• This reserve system was regulated by the Aborigines Protection Board from 1909 onwards, part of Protection Policy
• All wages earned by Indigenous people were given to reserve managers
• Indigenous people must cease traditional practices and follow European traditions as well as become Christian

Question 26

Cummeragunja Mission Walk Off (WHEN< WHERE< WHY< HOW< IMPACT)

Answer 26

• 4 Feb 1939
• Cummeragunja Farm and Mission/Reserve
• Arthur Mcquiggan was put in charge and used violence and intimidation on Indigenous people
• Jack Patten persuaded residents to go on strike and leave the Reserve on 4 Feb 1939

Question 27

Yirrkala Bark Petition (WHEN< WHERE< WHY< HOW< IMPACT)

Answer 27

• 1963
• Arnhem Land NT
• Gov sold land to Bauxite Mining Company, angering the Yolngu people who inscribed a petition on bark and sent it to Canberra, first Aboriginal legal document to be formally recognised by the Gov
• Gov allows mining to go ahead
• Yolngu attempts to sue government in Gove Land Rights Case (1968 - 1971) which was unsuccessful