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Rights and Freedoms Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Aboriginal Protection Board

A
  • 1883-1969
  • placed Indigenous Australians on missions & reserves where they were abused and mistreated
  • Indigenous people lost freedom of movement & religion
  • missions - run by church
  • reserves - run by government
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2
Q

What was the Day of Mourning?

A
  • 1938
  • oragnised by Jack Patten who grew up on a reserve and the Aborigines Progressive Association
  • sesqui centenary (150 years after settlement)
  • protested celebration of Australia Day where they re-enacted landing of British and showed Indigenous people as primitive
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3
Q

What was the Cummeragunja Walk-Off?

A
  • organised by Jack Patten & Yorta Yorta people
  • they left the reserve in protest of living conditions which was illegal
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4
Q

What did A.O. Neville do?

A
  • was Chief Protector of Aboriginals in WA
  • he allowed & encouraged the removal of Aboriginal children
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5
Q

What was the ideology behind trying to assimilate Aboriginal Australians?

A
  • eugenics - idea in 1930s that some genes & genetics of races are superior to other races
  • “half-blood” 1/2 Aboriginal, “quadroon” 1/4 Aboriginal, “octaroon” 1/8 Aboriginal
  • wanted to create a white Australian culture
  • tried to “breed out” Indigenousness
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6
Q

When was the apology to Stolen Generations?

A
  • 2008 by Kevin Rudd
  • John Howard refused to apologise in 1990s
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7
Q

What is social darwinism?

A

the idea that humans compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in a “survival of the fittest” race

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8
Q

What did A.O. Neville state about the stolen generation in 1937?

A
  • “We must have charge of the children at the age of six years… You cannot change a native after he has reached the age of puberty.”
  • “We have power to take any child from its mother at any stage of its life… the mothers were greatly attached to them, and did not wish to be parted from them.”
  • “The mothers… eventually forgot all about them.”
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9
Q

When was the ‘The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal Children in NSW’ pamphlet published?

A

1981 by Peter Read

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10
Q

What did ‘The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal Children in NSW’ argue?

A

That the removal of Aboriginal children from their families was a form of genocide

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11
Q

When was the ‘Bringing Them Home’ report?

A

1997 by The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commision

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12
Q

What influenced the Australian Freedom Rides?

A

the Freedom Rides and the civil rights movement in America

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13
Q

What was the aim of the Australian freedom rides?

A

to end segregation of Aboriginal people and raise awareness about racism in Australia

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14
Q

Who organised the Australian freedom rides?

A

Charles Perkins and Student Action For Aborigines (SAFA)

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15
Q

What were some key protest locations of the Australian freedom rides?

A
  • Walgett RSL club - Aboriginal ex-soldiers were not allowed in
  • Moree public swimming pool - didn’t allow Aboriginal people
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16
Q

When was the Australian freedom rides?

A

1965 lasted for 2 weeks

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17
Q

What was the impact of the Australian freedom rides?

A
  • support for Indigenous rights grew
  • Walgett RSL club desegregated
  • Moree & Kempsy pools desegregated
  • inspired 1967 referendum
  • inspired campaigns for land rights & wage equality for Indigenous farm workers
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18
Q

What is direct action?

A

non-violent methods of protest such as boycotts, sit-ins, and marches

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19
Q

When were all Aboriginal people given the right to vote in federal elections?

A

1962

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20
Q

When were all Aboriginal people allowed to vote in state elections?

A

1965

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21
Q

What was the 1967 referendum about?

A
  • to change sections 51 & 127 of the Constitution
  • section 51 stated that individual states made their own laws for Aboriginal people
  • section 127 stated that Aboriginal people weren’t counted in the census
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22
Q

What was the result of the 1967 referendum?

A
  • 90.7% voted yes to change the constitution
  • this result was highly linked to recent Aboriginal rights activism
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23
Q

When was the Racial Discrimination Act passed?

A

1975 by the Whitlam government

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24
Q

What was the Racial Discrimination Act?

A

it made racial discrimination illegal and punishable by law

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25
Q

What was the significance of the 1967 referendum?

A
  • counted Aboriginal in census
  • counted Indigenous people as part of Aus population
  • an overwhelming amount of Australians were in favour of change for the rights of Aboriginal people
  • federal government now made the laws for everyone instead of states making laws specifically for Indigenous people
  • influenced other events such as Racial Discrimination Act and Land Rights Act
  • allowed federal gov to care for needs of Indigenous people
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26
Q

Who was Vincent Lingari?

A
  • part of Gurindji tribe
  • cattle stockman on Lord Vestey’s Wave Hill Estate
  • lead Wave Hill Walk-Off in 1966 with 200 people which lasted 8 years
  • protested for better pay & rations for Aboriginal farm workers, protection of Aboriginal women, and the return of land ownership to Indigenous Australians
  • 1975 PM Whitlam poured soil into Lingari’s hands symbolising the transfer of land ownership & the beginning of land rights
  • 1975 Gurindji people were given ~1/3 of the Wave Hill estate
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27
Q

What is Crown Land?

A

land owned by Aus gov claimed under terra nullius

28
Q

What were the 1963 Yirrkala Bark petitions?

A
  • Yolongu people from Yirrkala, Arnhem Land, NT sent petitions to parliament
  • protesting removal of land from Arnhem Land reserve so that bauxite would be mined
  • 1971 NT Supreme Court accepted evidence that Yolongu people had been living there for thousands of years and had a deep connection to the land but could not overturn terra nullius
29
Q

What was the Tent Embassy?

A
  • est. 1972
  • opposite Parliament House
  • response to McMahon Coalition Government’s refusal to recognise Aboriginal land rights
  • Gov tried taking the tent down many times
30
Q

When was the Aboriginal Land Rights Act passed?

A
  • 1976 by Fraser Government
  • 50% of land in NT was transferred to Indigenous ownership
31
Q

When was Uluru given back to its traditional owners?

A

1985

32
Q

What was the Mabo Decision?

A
  • QLD gov was denying Indigenous people from using land on Northern islands
  • Eddie Mabo took case to court but died before results
  • High Court of Aus overturned terra nullius 1992
33
Q

What was the Native Title Act?

A
  • 1993
  • turned Mabo Decision into law
  • recognised that Indigenous land rights exist where Aboriginal people have maintained a connection to their land and water
34
Q

What was the Wik Decision?

A
  • High Court rules native title rights co-exist with pastoral leases
  • if farmers and Indigenous people had a conflict, the farmers rights would come before native rights to land
  • 1996
35
Q

What was the Ten Point Plan?

A
  • 1997 Howard government
  • made it harder to claim native title
  • Indigenous people have limit of 6 years to prove their case & only get one attempt at placing a claim
36
Q

Who was Faith Bandler?

A
  • started petition to change sections 51 &127 of constitution
  • got 1 mil signatures (og goal 100,000)
  • “much pain has been endured in the past, and that pain is no longer designated to hoplessness” - Bandler
37
Q

What were ways Indigenous Australians tried to gain rights?

A
  • direct action
  • SAFA freedom rides
  • protesting Australia Day
  • Wave Hill Walk-Off
  • Yirrkala Bark petitons
  • Supporting 1967 referendum
  • tent embassy
  • Eddie Mabo’s case
  • Faith Bandler petition
38
Q

What is makarrata?

A

an Aboriginal ceremonial ritual symbolising restoration of peace after a dispute

39
Q

When was the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation established?

A

1991 by Keating gov

40
Q

What was the significance of Paul Keating’s 1992 Redfern speech?

A
  • admits to wrongdoings against Indigenous people
  • acknowledges Indigenous people as traditional owners of the land
  • acknowledges that it was British invasion that harmed Indigenous people
41
Q

What did John Howard do at the Australian Reconciliation Convention in 1997?

A
  • took stance against apology to stolen generations
  • angered delegates
  • some physically turned their backs on him & others booed
42
Q

What was the Sea of Hands?

A
  • organised by ANTAR (Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation) 1997
  • 300,000 signed hands were displayed as a signal of reconciliation
43
Q

What was parliaments aim for reconciliation in 1991?

A

aimed for formal reconciliation process by 2001

44
Q

What was the Walk for reconciliation?

A
  • 250,000 people walked across Sydney Harbour Bridge
  • protested for reconciliation
45
Q

What was the ‘Uluru Statement from the Heart’?

A
  • 2017
  • called for a treaty with Aboriginal people and the Voice in the constitution
46
Q

What is Closing the Gap?

A

formal commitment made in 2008 by Rudd to address health and life-expectancy inequality faced by Indigenous people

47
Q

What are some immediate factors that cause violence among Indigenous people?

A
  • alcohol and drug use
  • mental health issues
  • childhood experience of violence
48
Q

What are some underlying causes of violence among Indigenous people?

A
  • intergenerational trauma
  • colonisation
  • loss of land
  • loss of language and culture
  • loss of cultural and spiritual identity
  • forced removal of children
  • racism
  • discrimination
49
Q

What are some statistics on life expectancy of Indigenous people?

A
  • Indigenous children aged 0-4 are more than twice as likely to die
  • Indigenous infant mortality in NT is 4 times higher
  • Indigenous girls live a decade less
  • Indigenous men live more than a decade less
  • Indigenous women have double level of maternal mortality
50
Q

What are some statistics on the mental health of Indigenous people?

A
  • Indigenous people make up 50% of total Aus suicide despite being 3% of total pop
  • Indigenous youth 80% attempt suicide
  • 33% Indigenous adults report psychological distress
  • hospitalisation for self harm increased by 56% from 2004-2015
51
Q

What are some statistics on the physical health of Indigenous Australians?

A
  • Indigenous hospitalisation rates for chronic diseases (except cancer) are higher
  • 45% of Indigenous people over 15 have a disability out of 18.5% of whole pop
  • Indigenous children 1.7 times higher levels of malnutrition
52
Q

What are some statistics on education and employment of Indigenous people?

A
  • 62% Indigenous people finish year 12 compared to 86% of non-Indigenous
  • amount of 20-64 year old with/getting post-school qualifications has increased
  • unemployment rate for Indigenous people 3.8 times higher
53
Q

What are some statistics for family and community wellbeing of Indigenous people?

A
  • Indigenous median weekly income $310 lower
  • family and community violence 22% for Indigenous people
  • Indigenous children 10 times more likely to be placed in out of home care
54
Q

What are some statistics for incarceration of Indigenous people?

A
  • Indigenous people are 27% of adult prisoners
  • Indigenous adult imprisonment rate increased 77% in 15 years
  • detention rate for Indigenous children 26 times higher
  • almost half of Indigenous males and a fifth of Indigenous females over 15 have been formally charged by police
55
Q

What is an intervention?

A

a government controlling aspects of an individual’s life

56
Q

What did the ‘Little Children are Sacred’ report say?

A

Indigenous children throughout the NT were affected by “widespread sex abuse” that “had reached crisis level”

57
Q

What was The Intervention?

A

package of legislation that made changes affecting Indigenous communites in NT

58
Q

What did The Intervention include?

A
  • Withheld 50% of welfare payments from Indigenous recipients
  • bans on alcohol and porn
  • increased police presence in Indigenous areas
  • compulsory health checks for Aboriginal children
  • power for gov to take Aboriginal land and property
59
Q

When was the ‘Little Children are Sacred’ report?

A

2007

60
Q

When was The Intervention?

A

2007 Howard government

61
Q

What was a Basics Card?

A
  • card that managed income of all Indigenous Centrelink recipients in NT
  • only allowed to spend money on necessary items
62
Q

What did the United Nations expert discover about The Intervention?

A

it racially discriminated against Indigenous Australians & violated their human rights

63
Q

What were points that supported the Intervention?

A
  • situation in NT was an emergency that needed immediate action
  • measures introduced to protect Indigenous children were required by international law
  • any action was better than nothing
64
Q

What were objections to the Intervention?

A
  • many Indigenous people objected
  • didn’t address the underlying causes of disadvantage
  • violated civil rights
  • ignored local knowledge & disempowered Indigenous people
  • only adressed 2 out of 97 recommendations from Little Children are Sacred Report
65
Q

What were statistics that indicated the Intervention had not worked?

A
  • suicide incidents up 500%
  • rate of suicide in girls greatly increased
  • girls made up 40% of all Aboriginal suicides under 17 yrs
  • incidents of domestic violence dramatically increased
  • number of children in detention more than doubled
  • 69% increase in children being taken into home care
66
Q

What was Jacinta Krakouer’s stance on the Intervention?

A

“The stolen generations never ended - they just morphed into child protection.”

67
Q

What did UN Human Rights Commissioner Navi Pillay state about the Intervention?

A

while Australia had made some progress on Indigenous rights “these efforts are being undermined by policies that fail to recognise the right to self-determination for Indigenous people”

History (3 decks)

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