Rights and Freedom Flashcards
1
Q
What is the United Nations?
A
A company to replace the League of Nations
2
Q
What are civil rights?
A
Rights that all citizens of a country have
3
Q
When did the UN officially come into being?
A
24 October 1945
4
Q
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?
A
A document to record a ‘common understanding’ of the human rights and freedoms that people and nations should observe
5
Q
Who was Doc Evert?
A
A contributer to the process of the UDHR
6
Q
What was the San Fransisco Conferene?
A
Where they signed the UN charter and established UN framework
7
Q
When was the charter of the UN signed?
A
26 June 1945
8
Q
What was Doc Evert’s goal in the drafting of the UN charter?
A
That all countries, even lesser ones, had a voice in how the UN was run
9
Q
What made Doc Evert have a massive impact on the Charter?
A
With his enthusiasm, intellectual ability and skill in argument
10
Q
What did uniting the smaller nations in a voting bloc do?
A
Forced the key powers to take smaller nations’ views into consideration
11
Q
What is the General Assembly of the UN?
A
The main discussion and policy-making organ of the UN and the one in which all it’s members are represented
12
Q
What is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)?
A
The organ that coordinates the UN’s work on social and economic issues, including encouraging respect for human rights
13
Q
What are the main organs of the UN?
A
The General Assembly, The Security Council, The ECOSOC, The Trusteeship Council, The International Court of Justice and the Secretariat
14
Q
What was Australia’s support in the UDHR?
A
Evatt led support for Australia to express these rights:
* own property
* work, reasonable working conditions and protection against unemployment
* adequate living standards
* education
15
Q
What did the UN do to the UDHR over the next half-century?
A
Incorporated it into international law
16
Q
When did Captain Cook claim Australia’s east coast?
A
1770
17
Q
What did Captain Cook call Australia?
A
Terra Nullis
18
Q
What does Terra Nullis mean?
A
The land belonging to no-one
19
Q
What were Terra Nullis rules in the 1800’s?
A
People could legally take over land that had no owner
20
Q
What did the British create from 1788 onwards?
A
Created settlements on land that Aboriginal people previously used and controlled. Over time, they took more and more land
21
Q
What was the cost of the British taking more and more land over time?
A
Aboriginal people lost access to food and water that they had once been able to use freely, as well as sacred sites.
22
Q
How did the British create laws over the Aboriginals
A
With the Terra Nullis doctrine. Britain then claimed sovreignty over it
23
Q
Explain the Terra Nullius doctrine
A
The Indigenous peope of Australia did not have a legitimate system of law or governance
24
Q
What did the British call the half-cast Aboriginals?
A
Wards of the State
25
What did the Protection Policy do to the Aboriginals?
- Decide where they live and work
- Limiting wage access
- Forbidding them to practise their own traditions
- Limiting their access to education
- Taking their children
- Denying them rights that other Australians were entitled
26
What is an anachronism?
A thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists
27
What did Aboriginal activists do?
Pressure the government to allow them to control specific reserves
28
Why did the amount of reserves decline?
The government resuming the Post World War 1 scheme
29
What is the AAPA?
Australian Aborigines Progressive Association
30
Who founded the AAPA
Fred Maynard
31
What does UNIA stand for?
Universal Negro Improvement Association
32
Who founded the UNIA?
Marcud Garvey
33
How did Maynard make the AAPA?
Copying Garvey in America
34
What did Garvey encourage?
African Ameriocans to be proud of their culture andto be self-reliant
35
What did Garvey believe about white people?
They had too much to lose to ever allow equality for both races
36
When was the Day of Mourning and Protest?
26 January 1938
37
What is the Assimilation policy?
Aboriginal people that were not of full blood woulf conform to the attitudes, customs and beliefs of Australia
38
What is the Day of Mourning and Protest?
A day to mourn the losses and injustices they had endured since the British landed
39
Who started the 10-point plan?
PM Joe Lyons
40
What is the 10-point plan?
Outlines the ways the federal government could achieve justice for Aboriginals
41
What does the constitution say about Aboriginal Affairs
Did not allow the federal government to take control of Aboriginal Affairs
42
What is the family unit?
Where people should be cated for, protacted and educated in the behaviour and customs of their society and culture
43
What is kinship to the Aboriginals?
Involves special bonds that link an individual to the extended family group. Includes the value of sharing and Dreaming. Involves respect for elders
44
When did the removal of children from their families start
Not long after the British arrived
45
How did the State government capture the children from late 1900's?
More systematically
46
What did officials claim about the wards of the state?
Parents neglected and/or abused their children. They said that governments would provide the children with a better life than they could expect to have within their own families and communities
47
Why did the state government call the children wards of the state?
So that there was no need to provide reasons for their removal.
48
Where do the children go?
Government and missionary-run training institutions, put them up for adoption or places them with foster parents
49
Who did the government target?
Mixed-race children, expecting them to become servants and labourers
50
What did the government expect?
That the children would marry white partners and the race would ultimately die out
51
How did authorities take the children?
Force, threat, deception and trickery
52
What did the aboriginals try to do to avoid having their children taken?
Hiding, not going out if they were pregnant, begging officials to allow them to keep the child
53
When was the Bomaderry Aboriginal Children's Home founded?
1908 - 1980
54
Who founded the Bomaderry Aboriginal Children's Home?
The Aborigines Protection Board
55
What was the purpose of the Bomaderry Aboriginal Children's Home?
Replacing original family ties with a new family unit, based on a European Christian model
56
Who was at the Bomaderry Aboriginal Children's Home?
Young children and babies up until 7
57
What did the staff encourage of the children?
To think of themselves as white
58
Why did the staff keep the children away from their families?
To stop them from gaining any knowledge about their cultural heritage
59
What do people remember about the Bomaderry Aboriginal Children's Home?
It was one of the nicer institutions
60
When was the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Girls founded?
1912
61
What age bracket was the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Girls?
7 - 14
62
What did they train at Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Girls?
Trained to be domestic servants
63
What did the authorities not allow in the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Girls?
Denied any contact with family, taught them nothing about their culture, forbad the use of their traditional language and punished those who contravened the rules
64
What did they teach at the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Girls?
That indigenous australians were inferior
65
Once in the domestic service, what did the girls at the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Girls get?
Paid infrequently if at all, worked long hours and were at risk of sexual abuse
66
When was the Kinchela Boys Home founded?
1924
67
Were was the Kinchela Boys Home?
Kempsey, NSW. It was one of the worst homes there were
68
Why was the Kinchela Boys Home bad?
Discipline was strict, treatment was harsh and punishment was severe. Child welfare rarely inspected this institution
69
What did the staff refer to the boys as at Kinchela Boys Home?
Inmates
70
What is the school schedule for the Kinchela Boys Home?
The day started early with farming tasks before breakfast and no breakfast for those who finished late. School on the premises (with unpaid teachers) until 3pm, then 2-4 hours of farm work anf then bed at 8pm
71
Where did the boys go after Kinchela Boys Home?
Kempsey Boys High School where they excelled at sport
72
What did the government do to save money instead of homes?
More children to foster care and adoption
73
Question
Answer
74
What is the name for people that are quarter Aboriginal?
Quadroon
75
Vulnerablility of the Stolen Generation
,Children of the Stolen Generations were more vulnerable than normal children. Other people ruled their lives, and if they complained it was usually denied or reluctant to believe them
76
What percent of children in adoptive and foster homes were victims of sexual assault?
25% and 10%
77
What was some of the treatment of African Americans in the 1950's?
Forcing them to use separate entrances to buildings; created separate areas for them in theatres and on buses; denied them access to ‘whites only’ swimming pools, hospitals, schools, housing and even cemeteries; and intimidated them into not exercising their voting rights
78
What was the law that enforced the segregation laws?
Jim Crow law
79
What did activists do to challenge the segregation laws?
Court cases, boycotts, marches and civil disobedience
80
What was the bus policy in America?
Whites sat at the front, blacks at the back
81
Who violated the bus policy and when?
Rosa Parks, December 1955
82
Who was Martin Luther King?
A baptist minister
83
What was MLK's goal?
To boycott the Montgomery buses, which compromised majority black people
84
What was MLK's slogan for the bus boycott?
Don’t ride the bus today, don’t ride it for freedom’.
85
What was the result of the bus boycott?
* Bus companies faced massive financial
losses, but refused to give in.
* The Supreme Court ruled in favour of the MIA’s case for desegregation.
* The boycott ended in December 1956
86
Who did MLK take inspiration from?
Mohandas K Gandhi. Both him and MLK took approaches non-violently
87
What is the SCLC?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
88
When did King join the SCLC?
1957
89
What did the SCLC do?
Non- violent protest in the form of boycotts and marches
90
When were the American freedom rides?
May–November 1961
91
What are freedom rides?
Where blacks and whites rode buses, with no segregation, and rode to places to challenge segregation rules
92
When was the first freedom ride in America?
4 May 1961
93
What was the result of the freedom rides?
Media reports embarrased the US government, but were reluctant to change the laws. Eventually, they gave in, and companies had until 1 November to desegregate buses, toilets, waiting rooms etc
94
What was the infuence of the Civil Rights Movement?
Showed the value of:
* people uniting to fight for their rights
* non-violent methods
* staging an event that would attract media
coverage and gain support for a cause
95
What was the influence on Australia from the US Civil Rights Movement?
Saw the international publicity it gained for civil rights. They saw the relationship between the discrimination between the US black and the Aboriginals.
96
When was MLK assassinated?
April 1968
97
Who is Charles Perkins?
An Aboriginal activist
98
What did Charles Perkins do?
Created Australian freedom rides
99
When did the Australian freedom rides start?
12 February 1965
100
Where did the Australia freedom rides start?
Walgett, Moree and Kempsey, which had the reputation of being racist
101
Who did Charles Perkins take inspiration from?
MLK
102
What did the Walgett RSL do?
Refused entry to Aboriginal people, including Aboriginal ex-servicemen who had participated in World Wars I and II, only allowing access sometimes on ANZAC day
103
What did the freedom riders do about the Walgett RSL?
They held up posters proclaiming ‘Aborigines
also fought’.
104
What was the result of the Walgett RSL protest?
A bunch of cars rammed the bus off the road
105
What was the slogan on the Moree swimming pool?
Darkies not allowed in
106
What does SAFA stand for?
Student Action for Aborigines
107
What did the activists at Moree do?
Held up their posters, then tried to get admission for Aboriginal children to enter. When they refused, the activists gathered and after an hour they said that Aboriginal children were allowed in as long as they were ‘clean’.
108
What happened after the activists left Moree?
The pool reimposed the ban. Another attempt was made by the activists to break the ban, but were unsuccessful, recieving abuse, spat at
them and tomatoes and rotten eggs thrown at them
109
What was the impact of Charled Perkins and the Freedom Rides?
Raised public awareness, became a national figure, got support for the 1967 referendum, kept his ongoing role and got a state funeral
110
What was the percentage vote for the 1967 Referendum?
90.77%, in favour of Yes
111
Why was the 1967 referendum important?
Posed the place of Indigenous Australians within Australian society, and for its results
112
What were the things being changed in the constitution for the 1967 referendum?
Not letting the parliament make special laws for Aboriginals, and not counting Aboriginals in the population
113
What was the myth about the referendum?
That it gave Aboriginals the right to vote
114
How were the Aboriginals treated after the referendum?
* inequities continued in pay and working conditions
* they continued to be victims of racism and discrimination
* political parties did not share a commitment to improving health, housing, employment and education benefits for Aboriginal people
115
What was Australia's east coast in 1788?
Crown land
116
What is crown land?
Land claimed in the name of the English monarch and her or his governments
117
How did officials justify Australia's east coast being crown land?
The concept of terra nullis
118
What were the Yirrkala people protesting about in 1968?
They were protesting against the state government’s decision to allowing mining on their traditional land containing sacred sites
119
What did Justice Blackburn say about the Yirrkala people's protest?
* He agreed that Aboriginal people had lived on the land from ‘time immemorial’.
* He also said that if native title had existed, British
law had legally replaced it after 1788
120
What were the Aboriginals behind the Aboriginal embassy angry about?
Prime Minister William McMahon’s attitude towards land rights
121
What did Willima McMahon say before the embassy was set up?
Land rights (for aboriginals) would threaten the tenure of every Australian
122
What was the Aboriginal Land Rights Act
(Northern Territory)?
A law that allowed Aboriginal people to claim Crown land in the Northern Territory
123
What were the rules on the Aboriginal Land Rights Act?
* They could claim only land that ‘no other person or
government has any use for’.
* They could refuse mining on Aboriginal land unless it was in the national interest.
* The Act did not allow them to claim land inside towns
124
What did the effect of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act have on other states?
* A similar law passed in NSW and QLD that allowed claims to be made on Crown lands
* Mining companies had to obtain permission from land councils if they wanted to mine
* In 1985, the federal government returned Ayers Rock (now Uluru) to its traditional owners
125
What did the Queensland government do to the Torres Strait people?
Began to deny some of them the use of their lands after taking over it in 1879
126
What did Mabo do, what did he claim and what did he want?
Led a court case to reclaim the Torres Strait islands by claiming they had lived there for "time immemorial", and wanted native title rights over the land
127
What was the result of the Mabo case?
Was successful, as for native title to continue to exist,
Indigenous families and their descendants would have to have lived continuously on the land since 1788 and continued to follow traditional customs. This was true
128
What was the significance of the Mabo case?
It overturned the legal fiction that Australia
had been terra nullius. The High Court recognised that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
peoples were the original owners of Australia
129
What is native title?
The recognition of Indigenous people’s
traditional rights to land from before 1788. It does not mean ownership
130
How do land rights differ from native title?
Land rights is ownership, native title is not
131
What was the aim in reconciliation?
That all Australians to recognise that Indigenous people were the original owners of the land, that they have suffered ongoing social and economic disadvantage as a result of having their land taken from them
132
What did the HREOC report recommend doing about the people of the Stolen Generation?
* formally apologise to the Stolen Generations
* help Indigenous people to reunite with their families
and regain their cultural identities
* publicly recognise past injustices through education
and a National Sorry Day
* establish a national compensation fund.
133
How did Australina PM John Howard think about this
He expressed ‘regret’ for past injustices but would not apologise. This is because he said that Australians of
this generation should not be required to accept guilt for past actions that they had no control over
134
When is National Sorry Day and what does it contain?
26 May. A day when people acknowledge the hardships that the Stolen Generations
experienced and seek to embark with them on a process of healing
135
What was Corroboree 2000?
When over 250 000 people walked across Sydney Harbour Bridge. It served to underline the disappointment many people felt over the federal government’s failure to apologise to the Stolen Generation
136
What Australian Prime Minister issued the formal apology?
Kevin Rudd
137
When was the apology?
13 February 2008
