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Korean and Vietnam War Flashcards

1
Q

When did Australia begin their process of expansion?

A

WWII

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2
Q

How did governments try to increase population, educational services and international agreements?

A

Attract migrants to Australia

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3
Q

What are some post-war challenges that Australia faced?

A

Severe housing shortage, and the 500,000 soldiers had to be demobilised and reintegrated into everyday life

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4
Q

What was the response to the challenges faced from post-war?

A

The Department of Post-War Reconstruction

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5
Q

What was one of the most significant social changes that took place in Australia?

A

Increase in migration encouraged by the government. They started allowing non-British people into Australia

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6
Q

What was the initial amount of people that immigrated to AUstralia?

A

170,000

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7
Q

What was the population in 1945 and 1960?

A

7.4 million to 10.4 million

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8
Q

List prosperities in Australia after WWII?

A

Global trade expanded, wages improved, higher finishing grades in school and a growing number of people completed university

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9
Q

What was Australia’s fear?

A

If future conflicts broke out, they might be vulnerable to Asia

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10
Q

What is the Cold War understood as?

A

A period of extreme tension between the US and the Soviets and their allies from late 1940s to early 1990s

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11
Q

How was the tension expressed?

A

Politically, economically, socially and militarily

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12
Q

Why is in called cold?

A

The United States and the USSR never openly used their military forces to fight each other on the battlefield

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13
Q

Why did the US and USSR not experience open warfare?

A

Because if one attacked another with their nuclear weapons, it would be an all out war with horrific consequences

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14
Q

Origins of the Cold War?

A

When the first communist government came to power in late 1917

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15
Q

Definition of communist

A

Someone who follows Marxism (or communism); a belief that everything is owned by the entire community and in which there is equal distribution of all resources

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16
Q

How did communism rise to power?

A

People in the Great Depression that were unemployed were desperate for governments to solve these problems. Some looked to communism

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17
Q

Who became an important ally to the US and Britain in WWII?

A

USSR

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18
Q

Why did the US and Britain ally with the USSR?

A

They agreed that the most important threat to world peace was Nazism

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19
Q

Who is the Big Three?

A

Winston Churchill, Frankling Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin

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20
Q

How did the Big Three disband?

A

Stalin didn’t trust Roosevelt or his succesor Harry Truman, or Churchill. Roosevelt and Churchill also hid things from Stalin

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21
Q

Why did Churchill and Roosevelt not trust Stalin?

A

He wanted to expand communism beyong USSR

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22
Q

What crises broke out in the late 1940’s?

A

Stalin ensured that communist governments were permanently installed in important European countried such as Czechoslovakia and Poland, which angered Britain and the US

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23
Q

What was the Iron Curtain?

A

A wall blocking the communists to the non-communists. If you had families on the other side, you couldn’t meet

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24
Q

What is the theory of communism?

A

As industrialisation expanded through Europe, it would lead to a major revolution by workers who were treated poorly by factory owners and other
wealthy groups. This revolution would lead to a new way of organising society that would be fairer for all citizens

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25
What did the communist party do in 1917?
Created a dictatorship by banning other political parties, enforcing close controls on the media and attacking religious groups who opposed the ideas of communism
26
What was the most important thing of Marx's teaching?
Once a communist revolution began, it would spread around the world
27
What is the CCP and where did it have power?
Chinese Communist Party
28
Who led the CCP?
Mao Zedong
29
What was America's view of the communists movements?
They believed that all communists were puppets of larger powers like USSR and China
30
What is the Containment Policy?
Promised US support to any nation under threat of a communist revolution
31
What is the aim of the Containment Policy?
To ensure that communism did not spread beyond the USSR
32
Who initiated the Containment Policy?
Harry Truman
33
What is the European Recovery Program (or Marshall Plan)?
Promised millions of dollars in aid to help rebuild Europe after the war
34
What was the plan of the Marshall Plan?
Openly aimed at preventing the influence of the USSR in Europe
35
How had the Marshall Plan failed?
* China had fallen to communists * Germany was permanently divided between non-communist West and communist East.
36
What was the aim of the Roll Back Policy?
A more aggresive idea aimed at removing communist governments that were already in power
37
What is the domino theory?
Communist influence might spread between neighbouring countries
38
When did Cuba fall to the communists?
1959
39
Who was the communist leader of Cuba?
Fidel Castro
40
What is the ASIO?
The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
41
What is the main job of the ASIO?
Investigate people suspected of spying for the USSR in Australia
42
When did Robert Menzies come into power in Australia?
1949
43
What did Menzies think communism threatened?
The Australian economy that had begun to recover from the war and life for many Australians began to improve with better access to jobs and education
44
Who was Menzies' first target?
The CPA (Communist Party of Australia)
45
What was the aim of the Communist Party Dissolution Bill?
To outlaw the CPA and prevent former members of the party from being appointed to positions of power in important organisations
46
When did the Communist Party Dissolution Bill pass?
19 October 1950
47
Who declared the Communist Party Dissolution Bill illegal?
The High Court of Australia
48
What was Menzies' second strategy?
A referendum to change the Constitution so that the original bill could pass
49
What was the result of the Menzies referendum?
It was defeated, but only by a small margin
50
What is the Petrov Affair?
When two diplomats living in Canberra, Vladimir and Evdokia Petrov, announced their defection from USSR and the KGB, which is the USSR spy unit
51
What was the chain of events of the Petrov Affair?
1. Vladimir was the first to defect. 2. He was quickly taken away to a secret location so that other Soviet agents could not find him. 3. Evdokia was then placed under house arrest in the Soviet embassy by the KGB, in preparation for being sent back to the USSR. 4. When Soviet agents tried to forcefully take Evdokia back to the USSR by plane, Menzies stepped in, and when Evdokia’s plane landed at Darwin airport to be refuelled, Australian agents took Evdokia and reunited her with Vladimir.
52
What was the significance of the Petrov Affair?
* This event gave Menzies a popularity boost. * Confirmed that Australia was under threat from Soviet spies. * Revealed that the Petrovs had provided evidence of more Soviet spy activity in Australia. * He then established a royal commission to investigate these matters. * Created a sense of immediate threat which greatly helped Menzies to present himself as a protector of Australians against communism.
53
What was the victory of the CCP in 1949?
The most populous countries in Asia now had a Communist government
54
What was one of the reasons for Communism spreading through Asia after WWII?
Decolonisation, as Europe had to give independance to countries that they previously controlled, giving way to fresh new governments
55
Why was the CCP popular in these regions?
Many people still worked in small farming communities and hadn't been treated well by previous governments
56
What was Policy 1 and what did it contain?
Forward defence. This suggested that it was best for Australia to fight communism in South-East Asia before it moved closer to Australia. Sending Australian forces into South-East Asia could be seen as aggressive, but the Menzies Government stressed that it was designed to keep Australia safe from communism
57
What was Policy 2 and what did it contain?
Economic development. Contained economic growth to help stabilise the region, signing agreements such as the Colombo Plan.
58
What is the Colombo plan?
It involved nations such as Australia committing to educate and train students from Asia and the Pacific region. The idea was that these students could then help improve economic growth on their return to their home country
59
When was the Korean War?
1950–53
60
How did Australians fight in the Korean War?
As part of a formal United Nations (UN) mission sent to save South Korea from invasion by communist North Korea
61
What happened to Korea after WWII?
Japanese forces were replaced by Soviet troops in the north and American troops in the south
62
Where was Korea split?
Along the 38th parallel of latitude
63
Who was the communist leader in North Korea during this time?
Kim II-sung
64
Who was the leader in South Korea during this time?
Syngman Rhee
65
How did the Korean War start?
North Korea launched an invasion of the south on 25 June 1950, using over 100000 troops
66
What was the result of the original attack from North Korea?
They captured the southern capital, Seoul, and nearly succeeded in completely overrunning the southern Republic
67
What did the UN agree to in the Korean War?
Send a military force to save the south and push North Koreas forces back above the 38th parallel
68
What did the UN mission become known as?
United Nations Command (UNC)
69
Who led the UNC?
Douglas MacArthur
70
When was the UNC invasion?
September–October 1950
71
What was Mao Zedong (Chinese ruler)'s reaction to the UNC?
Fearing that UNC forces might reach China, he approved Chinese intervention in the Korean conflict, and the USSR sent aircraft to support the North
72
When was the armistice signed?
27 July 1953
73
What is the result of no peace treaty ever being assigned?
The north and south technically remain in a state of war
74
How many Australians served in Korea?
10657
75
What is the ANZUS treaty?
A treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States
76
When was the ANZUS treay signed?
1 September 1951
77
What does the ANZUS treay state?
If any of the three signing powers was attacked, the signatories to the agreement would meet immediately to discuss potential contribution of military forces
78
Who did Australia fight as an ally for in the Vietnam War?
Southern Republlic of Vietnam (RVN)
79
Describe the Indochinese nationalism of the time
Most early Indochinese nationalists wanted to remove the French colonial government and return to the rule of their traditional monarchies
80
What is the SEATO?
The South-East Asia Treaty Organization
81
Who signed the SEATO?
United States, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines
82
What is the goal of the SEATO?
A defence unit against communism
83
Why did the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) organise attacks on Britain?
Because Malayan Chinese would not be granted citizenship under the new plans for independence
84
Why was the MCP declared illegal?
Three plantation managers were murdered. The Malayan Emergency was officially announced
85
What was the type of warfare in the Malayan Emergency?
A guerilla war
86
What was Australia's committment to the Malayan Emergency?
Air force, infantry and patrols
87
Result of the Malayan Emergency?
The MCP was largely defeated
88
When was the Malayan stated federated into Malaysia?
1963
89
When did Menzied reintroduce the National Service Scheme?
1964-1972
90

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