RIDQC Flashcards
What direction does the house face? Sketch out the front of the residence, and write some descriptive adjectives.
What is the tone of the house if set to music?
What is the layout of the rooms? Is there symmetry? What is the flow of the rooms? Is there a brightness or darkness to the room? How high are the ceilings?
First Impressions
Design has to do with the _______ of the various parts
wholeness
consider the _______ of windows and the effect they will have on ________ in the space depending on the time of day and the season.
orientation, lighting
Consider the ______ from the windows, seeing out to the exterior and the _____ seeing into the space
Views
As a designer, you are instrumental in making changes to a space that can be made at a small _____ but result in a _______________
cost, dramatic impact
Keep a list of characteristics including the ________ elements that need to be emphasized, the _______ elements that are neither good or bad, and the ________ elements that need to be altered or minimized
positive, neutral, negative
Keep these in mind when designing entryways, exits, stairs and traffic patterns
security issues, building codes
wall colors, materials, lighting and furniture size and placement
ways to alter the appearance of a poorly shaped room
using bodily dimensions to establish the dimensions for clearances, countertops, heights of furniture and shelving
anthropometry
Consider bodily dimensions, counter, chair, and table heights in regards to ________
function
________________________ deals with how one interacts with a space, as well as how color impacts ones emotions and behaviors
Environmental psychology
deals with how a design is going to last, as well as it’s social, political, cultural and economic impact on the environment
Sustainable design
deals with how one is able to live in the same place for a long time using the same products and services
universal design
a designer should always have the ______ present during the meetings with the _________/_______
client, architect, builder
function, quality, aesthetic
RIDQC design fundamentals
Notice how they interact, what things they agree on, and who makes the decisions
working with a couple
relates to the design of a building, pattern, or piece of furniture. The _____ may be described as “clean and straight,” or “curvilinear”
____ is the overall shape that consists of positive space
line, form
the eye-pleasing relationship between various parts; the comparison of scale
proportion
the comparison of one thing to the size of a human figure; the size of one object in relation to another
scale
the spatial dimensions of an object
size
the even display of visual weight
balance
having the same reflection across an axis
symmetry
having different reflections across an axis
asymmetry
repetition in shape, color, tone, texture, accents, direction, and orientation. More complex forms include progression, gradation, transition, and radiation
rhythm
the focal point for a design; gives more importance or significance to any given part of a design
emphasis
the perceived surface of an object; the roughness, smoothness, hardness, or softness of a surface. This can be either tactile, actual, or perceived.
texture
Can be either structural (3D) or applied (2D). A design in which lines, shapes, forms and colors are repeated. The thing that is repeated is a motif
pattern
use of motifs and patterns to decorate
ornamentation
how big something is in comparison to something else
relative size
the literal dimension of a space or object
absolute size
_____ is used when designers are considering proportion
scale
the area in which shapes and forms exist, defined by the walls, floors, and ceiling
space
solid forms
positive space
the area surrounding solids; using too much of this makes the room feel crowded
negative space
1:1.618; the most eye pleasing, invented by the Greeks
Phi/Golden Ratio
The _________ was built in Athens, Greece and made use of the Golden Ratio. Formerly a temple on an acropolis, dedicated to Athena. construction began in 447 BC when the empire was at the peak of its power
Parthenon
developed a system or proportions using the human figure. the “Vitruvian” man
Leonardo da Vinci
20th century designer, ____________ developed a system of proportion using a human figure with a raised arm
Le Corbusier
the study of how one interacts with objects in a given space; arranging objects so that people can use them easily and safely
ergonomics
heavily textured surfaces are more ______/________
casual, informal
smooth, slick surfaces are more ______
formal
The Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci Sequence relate directly to ______. Examples: the spirals on the surface of pinecones and pineapples, and the centers of daisies and sunflowers
nature
symmetrical, asymmetrical and radial
types of balance
the most common reflection is __________, as the central axis is vertical
horizontal
if two equal objects are the same distance from the fulcrum
symmetrical balance
having two objects different distances from the fulcrum, or having two unequal objects at the same distance from the fulcrum
asymmetrical balance
based on a circle with elements arranged around a central point; concentric circles in a floor or textile design
radial balance
the gradual change in size while maintaining the exact same shape. i.e. a group of nestling tables
progression
color movement from light to dark
gradation
the repetition of an architectural element such as a molding
transition
the repetition of something around the central point of a circle
radiation
refers to the fabrics used in an interior. Sometimes decorative, and can have various patterns
furnishing
well-designed rooms have _______, _______, and _____________. A repetitious pattern may give a room a dynamic/rhythmic quality.
texture, pattern, ornamentation
Designers use pattern to add _____________ to a space
visual weight
How much an object attracts attention
visual weight
__” is best for traffic patterns
36
In a living room, between _ and __ feet is a comfortable range of distance for conversation. If larger numbers of people will be occupying the space on a regular basis, consider seating in separate groupings, possibly movable seating.
4, 10
This means made of carefully selected components and appropriate materials
quality
pleasing to the eye
aesthetically pleasing
Discovered that ratios that best serve our human needs lie between 1:1 and 2:1
The Greeks
The ___________ has impacted many buildings, ancient and modern
Golden Ratio
the “mirror” effect, or when an object is identical on either side when divided by an axis
bi-lateral symmetry
The most used materials for structural soundness and interior enhancement are ____, _______, ______, _____, _______, _______
wood, masonry, metals, glass, plastic, hybrids
________ is a wet combination of cement, aggregate (fine sand or coarse gravel), and water. Is strong enough for walls and columns, but has to be reinforced with steel bars to form flooring
Concrete
______ is a dry mix of chalk and clay ground into fine particles, then mixed with gypsum and water to form a paste that hardens
cement
the ________ of concrete is primarily determined by the ratio of water to cement. The less water, the better
strength
coarse and fine aggregates mixed together to form concrete is called ___-__ __________
all-in aggregate
Introduced at the beginning of the 20th C. Made by removing some of the carbon content of Iron. Dipped in non-flammable materials and coated in zinc to prevent corrosion
Steel
Conifer trees, for example pine, used for rough carpentry or joinery; carcass woods; cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, larch, and hemlock
Softwoods
Deciduous trees; denser than pine; oak, ash, beech, birch, elm, maple, poplar, sycamore, walnut, mahogany, rosewood, cherry, and teak
Hardwoods
Most timber used in interiors is required to have _ to __ percent moisture content (MC). __ percent is substantial for exteriors and roofing
8, 15, 18
The area of wood paneling on the lower part of the walls. Typically made of hardwood if custom, otherwise made of a softwood
Wainscoting
Different than plywood, made of hardwood and softwood fibers, solidified into a strong, smooth material.
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)
Used for exterior walls and flooring. Similar to particle board, this is layered in a specific pattern and made into a strong material (as strong as plywood)
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
wood polish brings out the _____, _____, and _______
grain, color, texture
_____________________, consider stock sizes, effective seasoning (drying), strength, defects,
workability, fire grading, resistance to worm, fungi and decay, color before and after weathering and the process involved in laying, sealing, polishing and painting the wood in question
When evaluating woods
used structurally and decoratively in buildings and interiors. used for furniture, floors, walls, and screens.
bamboo
used for furniture. comes from a tall grass.
cane
is used in its pure form and also used in composites. comes from the bark of the evergreen oak
cork
rabble, fieldstone, ashlar and travertine are examples of this. It is often used for structure and décor. Long-lasting and enduring. Public buildings in DC are examples of enduring legacy
masonry
sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
types of rock/stone
rock that solidify from a molten state. Example: Granite (durable but not fireproof)
the green color comes from black mica, and the pink, buff (golden/yellow), red, brown, and grey are from white feldspar
Igneous rock
formed from highly pressurized sand, silt, fossil, and animal debris. Limestone is the most common example. Sealant makes it usable in the kitchen. Travertine is a form of Limestone.
sedimentary rock
This is a form of sedimentary rock. It can be used for fireplace and hearth design because it is heat resistant.
Sandstone
this type of rock is a combination of sedimentary and igneous rock formed under pressure, heat, and/or moisture. Marble and Slate are examples. Marble is maintained by a yearly spraying of plastic lacquer or acetate. Slate is fire resistant
metamorphic rock
_______________________________, ask your suppliers about density, strengths, fire class, damp-proof requirements, thermal and acoustical values, recommendations for use and suitable mortars and application.
When considering natural stones
A mixture of copper and zinc. Is used for decorative trimmings, doors, fittings and hardware
Brass
a mixture of tin and copper. darker and redder than brass.
bronze
a soft non-magnetic metal made from bauxite (box-ite). In the 1920s it was used for ornamental grilles, railings, meshwork, chain curtains, screens, panels, wall and acoustic tiles, Venetian blinds, and outdoor furniture. Different finishes include scratching, sand-blasting, embossing, polishing, electrochemical and anodized finishes that produce metallic colors
aluminum
the metal most associated with the modern interior. non-magnetic and oxidation resistant. used in stainless steel (10%).
Chromium (chrome)
a blend of highly alloyed steel and chromium. it is resistant to heat, oxidation and corrosion. it a strong material and is easy to manufacture.
stainless steel
used in a limited amount in the modern interior. they are elegant materials and used for decorative finishes. One is used extensively for mirrors. These metals along with many others come in a variety of finishes: roughing, burnishing, sand-blasting,
and hammering for example
Gold and Silver
use of this material reduces consumption of wood
Masonite
woodchips and sawdust pressed together and bonded with an adhesive to form a wood alternative
particleboard
products that give off fumes over time
off-gassing
most carpets and rugs are either ______ or _____. Today woven carpet is available in 30’ widths, and tufted carpet in 18’ widths, with __’ being the standard width.
tufted, woven, 12
Authentic Oriental rugs that are hand-knotted using either the Persian knot (Senneh) or the Turkish knot (Ghiordes)
traditional handmade rugs
woven with geometric designs, deep red color, and have webbed fringes at the ends. made of wool or cotton
Turkmen Rugs
have intricate patterns, bi-lateral symmetry, muted colors or soft pastels, include floral and human/animal motifs, are fringed on both ends. made of wool, cotton, or silk
Persian Rug
Have geometric patterns, colorful pastel hues, made of cotton, wool, jute, silk, or a combination.
Indian/Dhurrie Rugs
have bold geometric patterns made in primary colors
Caucasian Rugs
Also called Anatolian rugs, these are hand-woven and made of either wool or cotton and dyed with natural dyes. tied with symmetrical knots (Ghiordes)
Turkish Rugs
cut-pile velvet, background color beige, yellow or coral, designs are often blue, often depict nature scenes/motifs
Chinese Rugs
Named after an English town. The yarn is woven into the backing. Machine-made. The weaving technique is now obsolete. It can come in a variety of colors and designs.
Axminster Rug
A non-pile rug from Eastern Europe, with natural motifs (flowers, animals). the ends of the yarn is woven in so that the pattern is reversible
Kilim
made from an adaptation of the Jacquard loom and have a variety of textures. limited to 5 or 6 colors. the density and quality determined by the number of rows per square inch (warp lines)
Wilton Carpet
Polypropylene. A type of polyester. used in upholstery. found in indoor-outdoor rugs and is commonly used because it is stain, mildew, and insect resistant
Olefin
the yarn that runs lengthwise. needs to be as strong as the weft
warp
the yarn that runs across the warp
weft
has a simple two-and-two interlace. Canvas and Duckcloth are examples
basket weave
a third element is added to this type of weave. it protrudes from the basic weave and created the pile. Plush, corduroy, velour and velvet are examples
pile weave
a weaving technique that appears quilted or padded. can be handmade or made on a Jacquard loom.
matelassé (mat-uh-lass-ay)
the loom is used to create small geometric patterns. Similarly, the fabric of the same name is created on Jacquard looms today
Dobby
when the fabric is pressed between two weighted, heated rollers
calendaring
has an infinite number of color variations, focusing on three characteristics: hue, value, and chroma
The Munsell System
mortise-and-tenon, tongue and groove, pegging, and dovetail joints
joining techniques
surface decoration using geometric shapes that fit together (geometric inlays)
parquetry
usually depicts nature scenes inlaid in the surface (representational inlays)
marquetry
paint is applied directly to wet plaster creating a durable surface, a technique we associate with the Sistine Chapel,
fresco
by 600s BCE this culture spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean through conquest, especially during the time of Alexander the Great. Used the post and lintel system in architecture
Greeks
the term used to describe a certain aesthetic during the Greco-Roman era; “our sense of the beautiful.”
classical revival: where the _________ aesthetic influenced different periods in history i.e. the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the Neo-Classical period
Classical
the simpler, more masculine style column, with an abacus (large square block) placed on top. it has no base at the bottom. this column sits directly on the platform
doric
this style column is less heavy, more feminine. has scrolls at the top.
ionic
the most elaborate style column. The Romans favored this style
Corinthian
this style chair was made as early as 5th c. BCE. it was depicted in Greek pottery and sculpture. splayed legs, curved back and backrest.
klismos
the Greeks used this for dining and sleeping
Kline
considered the finest Roman building. not very large. was a temple to the gods, and it stands in great condition despite wars and modern air quality and climate.
the Pantheon
a roofed interior courtyard or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. they were common in ancient Roman dwellings, providing light and air to the interior
atrium/atria
designed by Romans, became models for Christian churches
Basilica
Late 1400s-mid 1500s. The search for excellence produced many feats of the Renaissance. Designers were treated with great dignity and respect by patrons.
High Renaissance
an example of secular architecture. A townhome to Italy’s ruling families of individual states and provinces.
palazzo
a country house
villa
a mix of crushed marble and concrete
terrazzo
a Renaissance architect who worked in Venice, who wrote a series of essays, “The Four Books of Architecture,” on design, providing instruction and illustration.
Andrea Palladio
“bizarre” or “ugly,” 1600s-1700s. mixture of illusion, light, color, and movement, meant to impress and overwhelm the occupants. Characterized by contrasts between light and dark (often dark), emphasis on movement, grand scale and sense of drama. Associated with Louis XIV. this style was backlash against the rationalism of the Classical style.
Baroque
Influenced by Neo-Classical styles, straight lines and rectilinear forms. similar legs to Hepplewhite. the rear legs continue into the chair back. ornamental splats often shaped like vases. made of mahogany
Sheraton
lighter and more airy than Baroque. pastel colors and nature motifs (cockleshell motif). Symbolism. Asymmetry. Frivolity as a theme. associated with Louis XV
Rococo
Revival of the classicism of the Greco-Roman era and the Renaissance. Simpler design and straight lines. Fine materials and rare woods like mahogany and ebony were used. Associated with Louis XVI
Art: Characterized by clean lines and form, patriotic themes, scientific ideals over religion, and Classical subject matter.
Neo-Classical
gold leaf fused with brass
ormolu
chairs noted for their curved lines and a splat back, cabriole legs and club foot. Smaller, lighter, and more comfortable than its predecessors. also called fiddleback
Queen Anne
classic, French, Chinese, and Gothic influences. popular during the mid 18th c. some have cabriole legs, other, later chairs have straight legs. pierced splats. made of mahogany
Chippendale
elegant straight lines, slender legs that have a spade or thimble foot. the chair back is curved in an oval, heart, or shield pattern. made of mahogany
Hepplewhite
early 19th c. exudes characteristics of Egyptian, Chinese and Moorish designs. Reflects the 19th c. age of imperialism (military force).
Regency Style
this style emerged to celebrate the rise of democracy, by evoking the characteristics of Classical Athens. US.. version of Neo-Classical style
Federal
revival of Greek architecture. Interiors included Greek accents, vase painting and architectural elements.
Greek Revival
- AN English design reformer. he and his company led the Arts and Crafts Movement, a movement against the misuse of materials & machine-made furniture, instead championed high-quality craftsmanship
William Morris
asymmetrical and exudes nature motifs (flower and insect), vines, and natural curving lines,
Art Nouveau
an Art Nouveau architect who made the style popular in Barcelona
Antoni Gaudi
1848-1933. The U.S. Art Nouveau movement was led by _____________. He was a part of the Tiffany Jewelry Family, and invented Tiffany Lamps
Louis Comfort Tiffany
Also part of the U.S. Art Nouveau Movement. used steel-frame construction, glass, and nature motifs, for his designs. Coined the mantra “form follows function” for modern design.
Louis Sullivan
One of the pioneers of Modernism. Designed buildings, furniture, lighting, and rugs. had the idea of unifying the exterior of the house with the interior, and the building with the natural setting (surroundings). used nature motifs
Frank Lloyd Wright
This style uses plain surfaces and straight lines, rejecting the flowing forms of Art Nouveau. Becomes a trend throughout Europe. Interiors were austere and unornamented, and were mostly black, white, neutrals, and primary colors
Bauhaus
Said “Less is More.”
Ludwig (Ludvig) Mies (MEES) van der Rohe
This style has decorative motifs including sunbursts, zigzags, stair and waterfall patterns. Its name is from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriles Modernes in Paris. Handmade furniture and craftsmanship was on display.
Art Deco
This movement is known for designing classically inspired buildings in a more simplified, less ornamented way, called Stripped Classicism. very eclectic style
Beaux-Arts
a pioneer in interior decorating (the first). worked for wealthy New Yorkers.
Elsie de Wolfe
70s and 80s. Late Modernism, High Tech, and Deconstructivism, are sub-styles of this era of design. Many designs transform traditional and classical designs. no ornamentation. purposely absurd.
Post-Modernism
1980s. looks “deconstructed.” It is based on the appearance that many elements have been ripped apart and put back together. Frank Gehry and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Deconstructivism
These designers associate the industrial/machine age with Modernism. Their designs are impacted by technology. Futuristic
High Tech
(1632-1656) Built in Agra, India. It was built as a mausoleum by Shah Jahan (Mughal sultan) for his wife Mum-Taz Jahan. The gardens represent paradise
Taj Mahal
brightly lit areas in a dim space can draw focus toward one area and away from another
focal point determination
lighting that is required to ensure safe movement in a space
utility lighting
lighting intended to aid the person in doing certain tasks in the space
task lighting
groups of lighting working together, which allows flexibility, since different sources of small wattage are more useful than a single source of high wattage.
layering light
light that sets the mood for the room
ambient layer lighting
illuminates architectural features and sometimes displays
focal layer lighting
concentrated light aimed at the center of an item on display. used interchangeably with focal lighting
accent lighting
Is provided by floor lamps, undercabinet lights, desk and table lamps, or a down light such as a canned or recessed fixture.
Task layer lighting
is used to send light upwards towards the ceiling, providing indirect lighting.
up lighting
a technique used to light a wall using narrow lights in a narrow trough (troff) close to the wall
wall grazing
places a continuous light source at the joint of the wall and ceiling
slot outlining
lamps that generate light when electric current heats up the lamp filament. tungsten
incandescent
a type of incandescent lamp that give off a whiter light and they last longer. 2k-10k hours vs your standard incandescent (750-1k hrs)
halogen
an electrical component that starts the lamp and regulates the electric power flow to the lamp
Ballast
light emitting diode. have high output with lower power consumption
LED
Greek architectural elements
