Richardson Flashcards

0
Q

Organs from the Ectoderm

A

Nervous System
Epidermis (Hair and Glands)
Cornea and Lens

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1
Q

Morphogenesis

A

the movement of cells to form tissues

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2
Q

Organs from Mesoderm

A
Muscles             Bones
Cartilage            Dermis
Heart                  Blood Vessels
Blood Cells        Kidneys
Gonads              Reproductive Tracts
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3
Q

Organs from Endoderm

A

GI Tract Epithelium Liver
Pancreas Pharynx
Thyroid Parathyroid
Respiratory Tract Epithelium Bladder

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4
Q

Gastrulation

A

Establishment of the three embryonic germ layers

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5
Q

Basic Embryo Timeline

A

Weeks 1-3: Fertilization through Gastrulation (Primary Germ Layers)

Weeks 3-8: Embryonic Period (Organogenesis)

Weeks 9-38: Fetal Period (Maturation of Tissues and Organs)

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6
Q

Week 1 Embryo Timeline (day by day)

A

1: Fertilization (Zygote)
2: 2 Cell
3: Morula
4: Early Blastocyte
5: Late Blastocyte
6: Beginning of Implantation
7: Invasion of Endometrium

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7
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

In the Ampulla of the oviduct (Fallopian tubes)

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8
Q

Compaction

A

cells begin to clump and become increasingly less distinct (during the eight cell stage)

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9
Q

Blastoceol

A

a cavity formed by the accumulation of fluid between cells (very early blastocyst phase)

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10
Q

Hatching of Blastocyst

A

the breaking of the blastocyst out of the zona pelucida (necessary for implantation to occur)

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11
Q

What two layers does the inner cell mass divide into?

A

Epiblast: forms all tissues of the embryo

Hypoblast: forms extraembryonic tissue

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12
Q

When does the primitive streak begin to appear?

A

The end of week two/beginning of week 3

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13
Q

Primitive Node

A

Anterior end of the primitive streak (also known as Henson’s node)

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14
Q

Which cells are responsible for forming the notochord?

A

Mesodermal Cells

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15
Q

What is the only structure formed directly from the notochord?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

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16
Q

Prechordal Plate

A

region between the oropharangeal plate and the notochord; contributes to structures in the forebrain and oral cavity

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17
Q

Cloacal Membrane

A

Site of future anus; Allantois forms as a diverticulum from the yolk sac which then forms part of the cloaca

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18
Q

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

A

Remnant of the primitive streak (when it doesn’t regress all the way); mostly in females; generally benign tumors containing tissues from all three germ layers

19
Q

Neural Tube Defects: Two Types

A

Anencephaly: failure to close neurotube at the cranial end

Spina Bifida: failure to close neurotube from the cervical region to the caudal end

Can be prevented by folic acid intake before and during pregnancy

20
Q

What structures derive from Neural Crest Cells?

A

Variety of Structures in the head
Ganglia
Adrenal Medulla
Melanocytes

21
Q

Mesoderm Layers from Most Cranial to Most Caudal

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral Plate (Splits into Parietal/Somatic and Splanchnic/Visceral)
Extraembryonic

22
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm

A

Organizes into paired somites adjacent to neural tube and notochord; forms axial skeleton, associated muscle, and dermis; number of somites can be used to date the embryo

23
Q

Cells from Somites form:

A

Dermatome (Dermis)
Myotome (Muscles)
Sclerotome (Tendon, Cartilage, Bone)

24
Intermediate Mesoderm
Forms urogenital structures (parts of urinary system and gonads)
25
Coelem
Body Cavity; formed by the lateral folding of the embryonic disk (closes wall of gut in the process)
26
Somatic/Parietal Lateral Plate Mesoderm
forms the body wall
27
Visceral/Splanchnic Lateral Plate Mesoderm
covers organs
28
Hemangioblasts
formed from mesoderm layers; common precursors to blood cells and vessels
29
Angiogenesis
sprouting of blood vessels from existing ones
30
Vasculogenesis
Blood island appears in wall of yolk sac beginning week 3 Liver major site of hematopoeisis from 2-7 months After 7 months, stem cells in bone marrow take over
31
Three types of cartilage and their locations/functions
Hyaline: developing skeleton of embryo, epiphyseal plate of growing bones, articular cartilage, respiratory tract Elastic: ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tube Fibro: Intervertebral Disks, meniscus of the knee, Mandible, sternoclavicular joints, pubis symphosis
32
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common Type 2 Collagen, Proteoglycans, and Water Perichondrium (except for articular cartilage) Glassy appearance Resists Compression
33
Appositional Growth
Cells from inner layer of perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts; deposit matrix next to existing matrix
34
Interstitial Growth
Growth of chondroblasts by mitosis within the cartilage matrix; new territorial matrix deposited; forms isogenic groups
35
Elastic Cartilage
Matrix is Type 2 Collagen Elastic Fibers Perichondrium
36
Fibrocartilage
Type 2 and Type 1 Cartilage in dense regular pattern Resists compression and stretching No perichondrium
37
Osteoblasts
Originate from osteoprogenitor cells Cuboidal or columnar epithelial like cells Secrete osteoid and form new bone
38
Osteoclasts
Derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage Break down bone through acidic environment (H+ ATPase) Reside in Howship's Lacuna
39
Bone Matrix Composition
Osteoid: Type 1 Collagen fibers, proteoglycans, noncollagenous proteins Inorganic: Calcium phosphate
40
Interstitial Lamelae
partial osteons in the middle of compact bone; left over from remodeling
41
Ground Bone
structures are visible but cellular components are destroyed
42
Decalcified Bone
Cells are left in tact but structure is hard to see
43
Intramembranous Osteogenesis
Forms directly in mesenchyme; used to form skull bones
44
Endochondral Osteogenesis
forms in a cartilage template; process used to form long bones