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richard and john Flashcards

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1
Q

Feudal System

A

Since 1066, hierarchy based on holding land in return
for service.
All land belonged to king; gave land to tenants-in chief (barons and bishops) in return for tax, advice,
knights’ service; gave land to knights in return for
military service; provided land for peasants to work,
they farmed their food, and had to work for lord
each week and gathering harvest.

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2
Q

The Feudal System-In return for land

A

had to swear oath of fealty
(loyalty). 5,000 Knights had to serve in king’s army for
2 months and give 40 days guarding lord’s castle.

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3
Q

Feudal System -King

A

○ $22,000 taxes raised for peasants on Royal Demesne

○ 20% Lands

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4
Q

Feudal System -2. Church

A

○ 25% of Lands

○ Lands rented to Free men or Lesser Nobles to pay Church Tax

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Feudal System -Lords/Nobles /Barons

A

50% of Lands

○ Avg Income of $200 per year

Vassals of King’s lands, would rent it to lesser clergy

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7
Q

fuedal system-Knights

A

○ 4,500 Knights in the Country

○ Served as Juries, Local Government, Sheriffs, Forest Officials

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8
Q

Feudal System -Freemen

A

Merchants could leave and travel towns

○ $20 per year

○ Paid rent to Barons

○ Served on Juries

○ Held 30 to 100 acres of Land from Local Baron

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9
Q

Feudal System -Peasants

A

○ Half of England’s Population

○ Worked for lords/free men

○ Could not leave their manor

○ Needed consent to marry of their daughters

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10
Q

Feudalism ensured

A

Feudalism ensured a hierarchy where the King and the pope of the Roman Catholic church

could maintain power, and people to remain in their place.

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11
Q

Forfeiture

A

Land goes back to lord or King if they are guilty of a Crime/wouldn’t pay

homage

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12
Q

Homage

A

Declare Oath of Loyalty in return for land/ title

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13
Q

Military Service

A

Tenants in Chief/Barons would provide knights to King when an

army is needed OR pay Scutage at a fixed rate according to number of fiefs (amount

of land)

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14
Q

Knight Service-

A

Knights did homage to their lords + contributed to payments

for ransom of their lord. When a knight dies, lord had rights of wardship until

their heir comes of age

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15
Q

Labour Service

A

Performed by Freemen and Villeins in return for living on

the lords’ lands. Plough seeds, harvest, weeding.

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16
Q

Boon-work

A

to gather harvest

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17
Q

Week-work

A

work on lands and look after animals

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18
Q

Church

Clergy

A

Clergy could be more loyal to the pope than the King if they disagreed/believed in religion

more

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19
Q

Church -Spiritual

A

Clergy held masses/baptisms/funerals in churches, and lived + taught

according to church’s teachings

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20
Q

Church Economic

A

Received donations/Wills/Tithe/Profits from being a vassal of agricultural

lands - making them wealthier than the King (but paid taxes to the King)

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21
Q

Church Political

A

Well-educated, members of the Government and could influence the

King’s decisions (Magna Carta, and Interdict)

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22
Q

Church Social

A

Monks taught education, Monasteries looked after sick and elderly,

Church clergy were part of the judicial system

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23
Q

Church-Crusades

A

Many joined crusades because of religious beliefs

● Pope granted Indulgence (escape from purgatory)

● Eternal Glory and gaining land

● Donate money for prayers said for your soul

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24
Q

Church- what did john face

A

Excommunication and Interdict

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25
Q

Kingship and succession

Rituals

A

●Crowned at Westminster Abbey -

○ Crown-wearings at Winchester(Easter),

Gloucester(Christmas), Westminster(Whitsun)

●Anointed with holy oil

● Swore to protect the church

●King was chosen by God

26
Q

KINGSHIP Role-Christian To Respect the Church

A
  • Kingship was a duty ensured by God
  • Church paid taxes to King
  • Sometimes held more power over the people
  • Promised Indulgence
27
Q

Kingship-reading

A

King had to control kingdom, keep it safe from attack
and administer justice. King was given authority by
god, so could not be questioned by subjects
In principle, eldest legitimate son inherited throne
when king died, but in some cases the next king was
nominated by king or selected by barons.
King passed laws, he and his court (advisers)
travelled around kingdom making legal judgements;
being “seen” by subjects and carrying out rituals.
Also had to be good military leader (often led army
into battle).

27
Q

The Church- reading

A

Religion dominated life – people had to attend
religious services and pray to get into heaven. Most
of Europe was Catholic, loyal to the pope, god’s
representative on earth: even kings were subject to
pope’s authority. Church owned lots of land(20% of
England) and people gave money to secure place in
heaven – so very rich.
Archbishop of Canterbury was head of church in
England (supported by Archbishop of York in North).
Bishops responsible for the priests and monks in
their area, who performed services, baptism,
marriage, burials. Senior churchmen had to supply
knights to king’s army and some advised the king.

28
Q

Countryside and Towns

A
  • Harvest time was done by men, women and children villains. It was during Aug to
    September where they would use scythes to collect bundles of wheat for their lords

-In the Countrysides, peasants lived on their lord’s lands and could not leave unless Sunday for church. It was strict and they had to pay their tenants in chief to use their
oven or mill to make bread and corn for themselves.

  • Life expectancy in the countryside was very low. 20-30% of children died before age 7 as they were vulnerable to diseases and stomach infections
  • In towns the economy expanded with imports of cloth, and wine while main exports
    were wool. Some people became rich from selling food and supplies as their towns
    held markets enabled by rights given by the King
  • Towns were very dirty as many kept animals, and there were no sewers or rubbish collections besides ordinary people raking the streets of muck. This made life expectancy very low like the countryside as diseases were easy to spread.
29
Q

KINGSHIP Role Lawmaker

A

To maintain justice and Mercy

-Consulted their

leading barons and

churchmen before

making laws

  • Heard Court Cases
30
Q

KINGSHIP Role Decision Maker

A

To Govern according to the
interests of his people

  • Decisions to the
    benefit of his people
  • Crusades
  • William de
    Longchamp when R
    was away
31
Q

KINGSHIP Role-Protector/Warrior

A

To Defend land and people - Good military skills and lead armies into Battle

  • Crusades + Loss of
    Normandy
32
Q

Richard’s Claim to the Throne

A
  • 3rd Sept 1189

-Charismatic, Brave, Good leader

-Arrogant, selfish, disloyal

●Duke of Aquitaine since 1172 making him an experienced ruler

●Defeated his father Henry in battle making him a successful military leader

●Encouraged and favourite son of Eleanor who held power and influence

33
Q

Richard’s Claim to the Throne -Power was secured by

A
  1. Made peace with previous enemies of Henry
  2. Appeasement - Made John Count of Mortain + Geoffrey archbishop of York
  3. Homage to William of Scotland + SCTLD Separate country + Does not claim North England
  4. Putting loyal men in charge eg. William de Longchamp
  5. Restored land and patronage to win support of barons
  6. Treating nobles and knights with respect
34
Q

John’s Claim to the Throne

A
  • MAY 27th 1199 crowned AGAINST principle of primogeniture

-Intelligent, hardworking, strategic (Magna Carta, Treaty of Le Goulet, Finances ALL SHORT TERM)

-Cruel, disloyal, suspicious

35
Q

John’s Claim to the Throne -Power was secured by

A
  1. Originally English + Norman barons + Eleanor supported John WHILST

Anjou + Maine + Tourraine supported Arthur of Brittany

  1. Visited Canterbury which showed religious devotion
  2. Married Isabelle which won support of Count Angouleme + Count Anjou
  3. Protected North England by entrusting noble baron
  4. Drove Philip’s forces back + capturing Arthur + saved Eleanor in Mirebeau

making him an experienced military leader

  1. TREATY OF LE GOULET
36
Q
  1. TREATY OF LE GOULET
A

➢Philip would support John to be King of Angevin Empire

➢Give Philip land in Normandy + pay homage to P for French Land but

large inheritance fine.

➢Arthur remain duke of Brittany + pay homage to John

37
Q

Jews

A

● Heavily taxed - Royal revenues and Tallages

● All their possessions were the King’s, in return for travelling freely + doing trade +

charging interest for lending money

● Christians could not money lend due to the church saying it goes against them

● Interest could be up to 40%

○ Aaron of Lincoln 1125 became a rich Jew because of money lending debts

○ CAUSED RESENTMENT

38
Q

Anti-Semitism

Richards Coronation

A

● 3 September 1189 Jews gifted at Westminster Palace Coronation banquet

● Started Anti-Semistic riots, burning their homes, 30 Jewish lives lost

● Richard protected the Jews as they were a source of Royal Revenue -

arrested and hung rioters causing more resentment

39
Q

Anti-Semitism -Crusades

A

During Richard’s leave for crusades in 1189, Capturing Jerusalem set of

anti-muslim and anti-jerish riots. In East Anglia, Norwich and Lincoln - Massacre of Jews in

York. Barons who led jewish riots also owed debt to these moneylenders, and killed many to get rid of their debts when Richard was away.

40
Q

York pogrom, 1190

A
  • 600 Killed
  • Perpetrators were fined $430 but none were punished due to Jewish prejudice.
41
Q

Royal Taxes

Royal Revenue/Demesne

A

●Rent from towns, countryside residents

●Sale of crops + livestock

●Tallages were land tax from villeins

42
Q

Scutages

A

● Richard imposed 3 // John levied 11 in 16 yrs

● Instead of providing knight-service

● money used to hire mercenaries during war

43
Q

Feudal Incidents

A

● Ransom money from vassals

● Inheritance fines

● Forest Fines

● Knighting Eldest sons + Eldest daughter’s dowry (money) to groom

● Wardship (underaged who held land would be King’s land)

44
Q

Taxed Jews with tallages

A

UNDER RICHARD’S REIGN

● Made men re-buy their offices to raise money for wars in 1194

●Saladin Tithe to fund crusades

UNDER JOHN’S REIGN

● John raised Wardship + Forest taxes + Tallages (from villeins)

●Bought justice in court + increased funds to start court cases

●13th tax on moveables for war funds - 1207 but unpopular so never
collected again

●Sheriffs collected tax from Royal Demesne, John increased tax maximum >

increased pressure> increased exploitation

45
Q

1189

A

Sept 3rd Richard crowned + Leaves to France

46
Q

1190

A

William de Longchamp becomes justiciar. Unliked as he was Norman,

replaced sherrifs with his own men, Paid to become justiciar

47
Q

1191

A

Hubert Walter becomes justiciar. Liked because served in the crusade, made archbishop of Canterbury 1193.

48
Q

1192

A

Richard captured for 100,000 gold marks by Leopold V of Austria

49
Q

1193

A

John declares Richard dead

50
Q

1194

A

Richard returns, takes control, then leaves for France again

51
Q

1199

A

John crowned May 27th

52
Q

Hubert Walter

A

A justiciar for England when Richard was away. He Governed effectively by

● Staying in touch with Richard by mail

● Consulted and had support of Barons

● Appointed Knights in court so justice became fairer

52
Q

The Nature of Crusading

Causes

A

● Previously Failed crusades in 1144 when Muslims took back Edessa

● 1187 Saladin took back Jerusalem

● 1187 Pope Gregory VIII issues Papal Bull (document of muslim attacks on

christians) leading to start of Third crusade and Full Indulgence

53
Q

The Nature of Crusading-Why Richard Crusaded

A

● His religious duty

● Wanted to win glory and honour for being soldier

● Necessary resources

● His Great Grandfather was king of Jerusalem - Family connection

Finance

54
Q

The Nature of Crusading-Religion

A

● Pope Urban announced full indulgence

● Pilgrimage was common

● Religious duties

● Paintings and propaganda of Muslim atrocities

55
Q

The Nature of Crusading-Finance

A

● Crusaders excused from Saladin Tithe

● Riches in Holy lands

● No Crusaders debt

● Professional soldiers were paid to fight

56
Q

The Nature of Crusading-Social

A

● Glory and praise

● Adventure

● Complete knight service
● Revenge on muslims for taking Jerusalem and killing christians

57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q
A

paper two history (3 decks)

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