richard and john Flashcards

Question

Kingship and succession Rituals

Answer 1

●Crowned at Westminster Abbey - ○ Crown-wearings at Winchester(Easter), Gloucester(Christmas), Westminster(Whitsun) ●Anointed with holy oil ● Swore to protect the church ●King was chosen by God

Answer 2

- Kingship was a duty ensured by God - Church paid taxes to King - Sometimes held more power over the people - Promised Indulgence

Answer 3

King had to control kingdom, keep it safe from attack and administer justice. King was given authority by god, so could not be questioned by subjects In principle, eldest legitimate son inherited throne when king died, but in some cases the next king was nominated by king or selected by barons. King passed laws, he and his court (advisers) travelled around kingdom making legal judgements; being “seen” by subjects and carrying out rituals. Also had to be good military leader (often led army into battle).

Answer 4

Religion dominated life – people had to attend religious services and pray to get into heaven. Most of Europe was Catholic, loyal to the pope, god’s representative on earth: even kings were subject to pope’s authority. Church owned lots of land(20% of England) and people gave money to secure place in heaven – so very rich. Archbishop of Canterbury was head of church in England (supported by Archbishop of York in North). Bishops responsible for the priests and monks in their area, who performed services, baptism, marriage, burials. Senior churchmen had to supply knights to king’s army and some advised the king.

Answer 5

- Harvest time was done by men, women and children villains. It was during Aug to September where they would use scythes to collect bundles of wheat for their lords -In the Countrysides, peasants lived on their lord’s lands and could not leave unless Sunday for church. It was strict and they had to pay their tenants in chief to use their oven or mill to make bread and corn for themselves. - Life expectancy in the countryside was very low. 20-30% of children died before age 7 as they were vulnerable to diseases and stomach infections - In towns the economy expanded with imports of cloth, and wine while main exports were wool. Some people became rich from selling food and supplies as their towns held markets enabled by rights given by the King - Towns were very dirty as many kept animals, and there were no sewers or rubbish collections besides ordinary people raking the streets of muck. This made life expectancy very low like the countryside as diseases were easy to spread.

Answer 6

To maintain justice and Mercy -Consulted their leading barons and churchmen before making laws - Heard Court Cases

Answer 7

To Govern according to the interests of his people - Decisions to the benefit of his people - Crusades - William de Longchamp when R was away

Answer 8

To Defend land and people - Good military skills and lead armies into Battle - Crusades + Loss of Normandy

Answer 9

- 3rd Sept 1189 -Charismatic, Brave, Good leader -Arrogant, selfish, disloyal ●Duke of Aquitaine since 1172 making him an experienced ruler ●Defeated his father Henry in battle making him a successful military leader ●Encouraged and favourite son of Eleanor who held power and influence

Answer 10

1. Made peace with previous enemies of Henry 2. Appeasement - Made John Count of Mortain + Geoffrey archbishop of York 3. Homage to William of Scotland + SCTLD Separate country + Does not claim North England 4. Putting loyal men in charge eg. William de Longchamp 5. Restored land and patronage to win support of barons 6. Treating nobles and knights with respect

Answer 11

- MAY 27th 1199 crowned AGAINST principle of primogeniture -Intelligent, hardworking, strategic (Magna Carta, Treaty of Le Goulet, Finances ALL SHORT TERM) -Cruel, disloyal, suspicious

Answer 12

1. Originally English + Norman barons + Eleanor supported John WHILST Anjou + Maine + Tourraine supported Arthur of Brittany 2. Visited Canterbury which showed religious devotion 3. Married Isabelle which won support of Count Angouleme + Count Anjou 4. Protected North England by entrusting noble baron 5. Drove Philip’s forces back + capturing Arthur + saved Eleanor in Mirebeau making him an experienced military leader 6. TREATY OF LE GOULET

Answer 13

➢Philip would support John to be King of Angevin Empire ➢Give Philip land in Normandy + pay homage to P for French Land but large inheritance fine. ➢Arthur remain duke of Brittany + pay homage to John

Answer 14

● Heavily taxed - Royal revenues and Tallages ● All their possessions were the King’s, in return for travelling freely + doing trade + charging interest for lending money ● Christians could not money lend due to the church saying it goes against them ● Interest could be up to 40% ○ Aaron of Lincoln 1125 became a rich Jew because of money lending debts ○ CAUSED RESENTMENT

Answer 15

● 3 September 1189 Jews gifted at Westminster Palace Coronation banquet ● Started Anti-Semistic riots, burning their homes, 30 Jewish lives lost ● Richard protected the Jews as they were a source of Royal Revenue - arrested and hung rioters causing more resentment

Answer 16

During Richard’s leave for crusades in 1189, Capturing Jerusalem set of anti-muslim and anti-jerish riots. In East Anglia, Norwich and Lincoln - Massacre of Jews in York. Barons who led jewish riots also owed debt to these moneylenders, and killed many to get rid of their debts when Richard was away.

Answer 17

- 600 Killed - Perpetrators were fined $430 but none were punished due to Jewish prejudice.

Answer 18

●Rent from towns, countryside residents ●Sale of crops + livestock ●Tallages were land tax from villeins

Answer 19

● Richard imposed 3 // John levied 11 in 16 yrs ● Instead of providing knight-service ● money used to hire mercenaries during war

Answer 20

● Ransom money from vassals ● Inheritance fines ● Forest Fines ● Knighting Eldest sons + Eldest daughter’s dowry (money) to groom ● Wardship (underaged who held land would be King’s land)

Answer 21

UNDER RICHARD’S REIGN ● Made men re-buy their offices to raise money for wars in 1194 ●Saladin Tithe to fund crusades UNDER JOHN'S REIGN ● John raised Wardship + Forest taxes + Tallages (from villeins) ●Bought justice in court + increased funds to start court cases ●13th tax on moveables for war funds - 1207 but unpopular so never collected again ●Sheriffs collected tax from Royal Demesne, John increased tax maximum > increased pressure> increased exploitation

Answer 22

Sept 3rd Richard crowned + Leaves to France

Answer 23

William de Longchamp becomes justiciar. Unliked as he was Norman, replaced sherrifs with his own men, Paid to become justiciar

Answer 24

Hubert Walter becomes justiciar. Liked because served in the crusade, made archbishop of Canterbury 1193.

Answer 25

Richard captured for 100,000 gold marks by Leopold V of Austria

Answer 26

John declares Richard dead

Answer 27

Richard returns, takes control, then leaves for France again

Answer 28

John crowned May 27th

Answer 29

A justiciar for England when Richard was away. He Governed effectively by ● Staying in touch with Richard by mail ● Consulted and had support of Barons ● Appointed Knights in court so justice became fairer

Answer 30

● Previously Failed crusades in 1144 when Muslims took back Edessa ● 1187 Saladin took back Jerusalem ● 1187 Pope Gregory VIII issues Papal Bull (document of muslim attacks on christians) leading to start of Third crusade and Full Indulgence

Answer 31

● His religious duty ● Wanted to win glory and honour for being soldier ● Necessary resources ● His Great Grandfather was king of Jerusalem - Family connection Finance

Answer 32

● Pope Urban announced full indulgence ● Pilgrimage was common ● Religious duties ● Paintings and propaganda of Muslim atrocities

Answer 33

● Crusaders excused from Saladin Tithe ● Riches in Holy lands ● No Crusaders debt ● Professional soldiers were paid to fight

Answer 34

● Glory and praise ● Adventure ● Complete knight service ● Revenge on muslims for taking Jerusalem and killing christians