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Psych 230 exam 3 > Rhythms & Sleep > Flashcards

Rhythms & Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Functions of a living organism that display a rhythm of about 24 hours

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2
Q

Diurnal animals

A

Like us

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3
Q

Nocturnal

A

Awake at night

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4
Q

Zeitgeber

A

A cue animals use to entrain or synchronize their schedules

Here, light is a zeitgeber to help entrain its cycle

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5
Q

Without any light cues

A

Without any light cues, the animal is still exhibiting a rhythm; it’s said to be free-running

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6
Q

Bottom portion is constant dim light

A

No zeitgeber, but still exhibits a rhythm

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7
Q

Circadian rhythms are generated by

A

An endogenous clock

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8
Q

Entrainment

A

The process of synchronizing the rhythm with external cues

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9
Q

Phase shift

A

The shift in activity in response to a synchronizing stimulus such as light or food

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10
Q

Period

A

Time between two similar points of successive cycles, may not be exactly 24 hours

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11
Q

A free-running animal

A

Maintains its own cycle without
external cues

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12
Q

Why have a circadian rhythm?

A

It synchronizes an animal’s behavior and body states to daily rhythms in the environment

The endogenous clock enables animals to anticipate an event and help with survival
Ex: nocturnal animal gets up too early, knows it needs to adjust and will do that accordingly

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13
Q

The hypothalamus houses a circadian clock

A

In the SCN– suprachiasmatic nucleus

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14
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Receives light input; responsible for programming time-keeping mechanisms

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15
Q

Lesions to SCN

A

Messes up rhythms

An animal uses light a little bit to help it synchronize
But without light, animal’s activity is all over the place

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16
Q

Circadian rhythms entrain to light-dark cycles using…

A

Different pathways, some outside of the eye

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17
Q

In amphibians and birds, the ___________ is sensitive to light

A

pineal gland

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18
Q

In mammals, light information goes from the eye to the SCN via the ________________

A

retinohypothalamic pathway

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19
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

Not all animals use it, but mammals do

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20
Q

Genetic component

A

Gene mutations show how important the clock is to behavior in constant conditions

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21
Q

Tau gene mutations

A

The period is shorter than normal

22
Q

Double Clock gene mutants

A

Severely arrhythmic

23
Q

Larks vs. night owls

A

People who feel energetic in the morning (“larks”) likely have different alleles of the Clock and per genes than “night owls”

24
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

Some biological rhythms (infradian rhythms) are longer than a day, such as the 28-day human menstrual cycle

25
Q

Annual rhythms

A

Many animal behaviors are characterized by annual rhythms, like season breeders and body weight

26
Q

Exogenous factors

A

Some rhythms are driven by exogenous factors such as food availability and temperature

In the lab, you can change the light cycle to mimic winter and summer, and animals will behave accordingly

27
Q

Siberian hamsters

A

Siberian hamsters suppress reproductive system and get silver coats in the fall to blend in with snow; brown coats when they’re reproducing

28
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

Rhythm that’s shorter than a day

Period length can be from minutes to hours

29
Q

Sleep is synchronized to…

A

External events, including light and dark

30
Q

In the absence of cues, many humans have a free-running
period of approximately __ hours

A

25

31
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG) records…

A

Electrical activity in the brain

32
Q

Electro-oculography (EOG) records…

A

Eye movements

33
Q

Electromyography (EMG) records…

A

Muscle activity

34
Q

Two distinct classes of sleep

A

Non-REM sleep
REM sleep

35
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

Three stages; characterized by lack of eye movements

36
Q

REM sleep

A

Characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements

37
Q

Stages of sleep

A

Waking
Stage 1 (non-REM)
Stage 2 (non-REM)
Stage 3 (non-REM)
REM sleep

38
Q

Kittens

A

A) not in REM because of postural tension
B) no postural tension, REM state

39
Q

Young adult sleep

A

Sleep time ranges from 7-8 hours
Cycles last 90-110 minutes
Cycles early in the night have more stage 3 SWS
Later cycles have more REM sleep

40
Q

Most recuperative sleep

A

Stage 3
Most growth hormone released, body repairs itself

41
Q

Sleep at puberty

A

At puberty circadian rhythm of sleep shifts in many people so that they get up later in the day

42
Q

Nightmares

A

Nightmares are long frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper from REM sleep

43
Q

Night terrors

A

Night terrors are sudden arousals from non-REM sleep, marked by fear and autonomic activity

44
Q

Biological functions of sleep

A

Conserve energy
Enforce niche adaptation
Restore the body and brain
Aids in memory consolidation

45
Q

Sleep and energy conservation

A

Small plant-eating animals sleep more than large ones because they burn more energy per gram of body weight

BUT no correlation between body size in predatory species

46
Q

Sleep enforces niche adaptation

A

Sleep helps animals avoid predators; animals sleep during the part of the day when they are most vulnerable

Being nocturnal or diurnal is part of an animal’s ecological niche

47
Q

Sleep restores the body and brain

A

Replenishing proteins
Producing growth hormone
Glymphatic system flushes waste (like beta-amyloids)

48
Q

Sleep aids memory consolidation

A

The number of new dendritic spines in mice increased and were stronger after sleep, and decreased if they were sleep-deprived

Sleep improves declarative memory
Helps consolidate nondeclarative memory

49
Q

At least four interacting neural systems underlie sleep

A

Forebrain system: Generates SWS
Brainstem system: Activates forebrain into wakefulness
Pons system: Triggers REM sleep
Hypothalamic system: Affects the other three

50
Q

Acting out a dream

A

Lesion in locus coeruleus blocks inhibition from muscles during REM sleep

51
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Increased irritability, difficulty in concentrating, episodes of disorientation

Screens before bed feed light info to SCN

52
Q

How to improve sleep

A

Going to bed and waking up at the same time
Not eating food before bed

Psych 230 exam 3 (6 decks)

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