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Psych 230 exam 3 > Hearing, Balance, Smell, and Taste > Flashcards

Hearing, Balance, Smell, and Taste Flashcards

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1
Q

Pure tone is described by two measures

A

Amplitude and frequency

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2
Q

Amplitude

A

Intensity, perceived as loudness

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3
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles per second of vibration

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4
Q

Most sounds are more complicated than a pure tone

A

A sound contains a fundamental, or basic, frequency—harmonics are multiples of that frequency

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5
Q

Sound, a mechanical force, is ______ into neural activity in the ear

A

transduced

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6
Q

The external ear and the pinna…

A

capture and funnel sound waves into the ear canal

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7
Q

What are the ridges and valleys of the external ear for?

A

Modify sound frequencies
Important for vertical location

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8
Q

Function of the middle ear

A

concentrates sound energies

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9
Q

The three ossicles that connect the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the oval window of the inner ear

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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10
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

They move when sound waves strike the tympanic membrane

They concentrate and amplify the vibrations on the oval window

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11
Q

What do the two muscles in the middle ear do?

A

Improve auditory perception, protect the inner ear from potentially damaging sounds, and minimize self-made sounds

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12
Q

Tensor tympani

A

Attached to the malleus and tympanic membrane

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13
Q

Stapedius

A

Attached to the stapes

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14
Q

What do inner ear structures do?

A

Convert sound into neural activity

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15
Q

Three parallel canals of the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli—vestibular canal
Scala media—middle canal
Scala tympani—tympanic canal

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16
Q

Organ of Corti

A

In the scala media

Receptor system that converts vibration from sound into neural activity

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17
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Cranial nerve VIII; contains auditory fibers from the cochlea

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18
Q

Each auditory nerve fiber divides into two branches

A

Go to cells in the ventral or dorsal cochlear nuclei

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19
Q

Output of the cochlear nuclei travels to multiple targets

A

To the superior olivary nuclei OR inferior colliculi
——>
Then to the medial geniculate nuclei
——>
And finally to the auditory cortical areas

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20
Q

Superior olivary nuclei

A

Brainstem
Receive bilateral input
Helpful for identifying location of sound

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21
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

In the midbrain
The primary auditory centers of the brain

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22
Q

Medial geniculate nuclei

A

In the thalamus

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23
Q

How can you tell where a sound comes from?

A

Binaural cues signal sound location

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24
Q

Intensity differences

A

Differences in loudness at the two ears (the head can cause a sound shadow)

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25
Q

Latency differences

A

Differences between the two ears in the time of arrival of sounds

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26
Q

What about identifying location of sound in a vertical plane?

A

Spectral filtering

Important in bats for echolocation

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27
Q

Spectral filtering

A

The pinna selectively reinforces some frequencies and reduces others

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28
Q

Three main causes of hearing loss and deafness

A

Conduction deafness
Sensory-neural deafness
Central deafness

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29
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Disorders of the outer or middle ear that prevent sounds from reaching the cochlea

30
Q

Sensory-neural deafness

A

A problem in the cochlea that interferes with the transduction of sound vibrations into neural activity

31
Q

Central deafness

A

Damage to auditory brain areas, such as by stroke, tumors, or traumatic brain injury

32
Q

Ototoxic effects

A

Ear-damaging effects that may be due to drugs, such as streptomycin

33
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing in ears from damaged hair cells

34
Q

Cochlear implants

A

Used to treat deafness due to hair cell loss
Electrical currents stimulate the auditory nerve

35
Q

Vestibular system

A

Detects position and movement of the head

36
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Three fluid-filled tubes in different planes

37
Q

An inner ear system senses gravity and acceleration

A

Movement of the head in any one axis sets up a flow of fluid in the semicircular canal, deflecting the stereocilia in the ampulla and signaling the to brain that the head has moved

38
Q

Movements of the head involve rotation around the 3 principal axes

A

The pitch axis, the yaw axis, and the
roll axis

39
Q

Main adaptive role of the chemical senses

A

Evaluation of potential food in natural environments

40
Q

Olfaction (smell)

A

Detects airborne chemicals

41
Q

Gustation (taste)

A

Responds to chemicals in the mouth

42
Q

Food acts on both systems to produce _______

A

flavor

43
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Receptor neurons in the nose for smell

44
Q

Turbinates

A

Help direct air flow in nose into the olfactory epithelium where olfactory sensory neurons are

45
Q

Mammalian odor detection relies on…

A

olfactory sensory neurons

46
Q

What happens once olfactory receptor cells are activated?

A

Once at a receptor cell, odorants interact with receptors on the cilia and dendritic knob

47
Q

What happens once receptors on cilia and dendritic knob are activated?

A

The G protein is activated, triggering production of second messengers

48
Q

Olfactory receptor cell axons end in
the…

A

olfactory bulb

49
Q

Glomeruli

A

The olfactory bulb is organized into many glomeruli

Spherical units that pass information from similar types of OSNs to mitral cells in the olfactory bulb

50
Q

After the mitral cells…

A

The smell information goes directly to the primary olfactory cortex (and some other brain regions)

51
Q

Smell is the only sense that does not send information through the _______ for processing

A

thalamus

52
Q

If the olfactory epithelium is damaged….

A

It can be regenerated and will properly reconnect to the olfactory bulb

53
Q

True or false? Taste is localized to specific parts on the tongue

A

False
There are different proportions of different types of receptors throughout the tongue, but they’re all capable of detecting taste

54
Q

Papillae

A

Bumps on our tongues
Taste buds are on sides of the papillae

55
Q

Three kinds of taste papillae are distributed on the tongue

A

Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae

56
Q

Each papilla holds multiple taste buds, each of which consists of ______ taste receptor cells

A

50-100

57
Q

Taste pore

A

Taste cells extend cilia into the taste pore, the opening at the surface of the taste bud

58
Q

Tastants

A

Taste pores open to receive tastants

59
Q

Salty

A

Sodium (Na+) ions are transported across taste cell membranes, causing depolarization that sends information to the brain

60
Q

Sour

A

All acids release hydrogen ions (H+)

The more acidic the food, the more sour it tastes

This same receptor detects carbonation in drinks

61
Q

Receptors for sweet, bitter, and umami

A

All appear to stimulate G-protein coupled receptors that cause a cascade of intracellular events

62
Q

1st step of taste transduction

A

Tastants bind to corresponding receptors on taste cell

63
Q

2nd step of taste transduction

A

Multiple intracellular pathways are activated

64
Q

3rd step of taste transduction

A

Ca2+ triggers transmitter release

65
Q

4th step of taste transduction

A

Neurotransmitter is released, and primary sensory neuron fires

66
Q

5th step of taste transduction

A

Action potentials are sent to the brain

67
Q

Supertasters

A

Heightened sensitivity to some bitter and sweet tastes, suggesting that they are genetically different

68
Q

Each taste cell reacts to…

A

one kind of taste

69
Q

Taste info is conveyed via several cranial nerves to…

A

nuclei in the brainstem and then to the thalamus

70
Q

From the thalamus, a taste-specific pathway projects to…

A

Cortical taste areas

71
Q

Cortical taste areas

A

Give us our conscious perception of
tastes

Psych 230 exam 3 (6 decks)

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