Rhetoric Readings Book 1 Flashcards
Who said: “Rhetoric is a branch of communication theory that is concerned with the production and reception of persuasive and informative discourse”
Dr. Smith
What is the negative conotation of rhetoric?
Empty and inflammatory. Brings about emotion without reason.
Eloquence
a person with excellent rhetorical skill: a good speaker or communicator
“There is no institution devised by man which the power of speech has not helped us establish” was said by
Isocrates
How is rhetoric necessary?
builds community, shares beliefs, and shares action
who related practice, criticism and theory to the fruit of a tree?
Dr. Smith
Where else do we rhetorical communication?
Media
The core of rhetorical education in
imitation guided by principles
Parts of rhetorical education
- Character Enculturation
- Extensive Knowledge of human culture and inquiry
- Writing and revising own writing
What was a progymnasmata
a series of rhetorical writing and speech exercises for students to perform
Poor methods of education lead to
weak and/or unethical rhetoric
Who wrote “Dialogue on Oratory”
The Roman historian, Tacitus
Tacitus lived when?
between 56 and 120 AD
Who was born 150 years before Tacitus
Cicero
Tacitus’s “Dialogue on Oratory” is focussed on
eloquence, or effective and beautiful communication
When was aristotle’s lifetime
384-322BC
How did Aristotle view rhetoric?
that it was important for elite greeks to know about, but not necessarily to practice themselves since they were trained to be thinkers, not public figures
What is aristotle’s most well known theory?
the 3 appeals
What is argued by aristotle as the ethical core of rhetoric?
logic/argumentation
Aristotle viewing ethos and pathos through a logos lens
Ethos and pathos appeals were tyes of logical argument that strengthened the ethos of the rhetor or engaged the emotions and values of the audience
4 components to analyzing pathos
- stimulus
- audience
- emotion
- object
stimulus
rhetorical strategy
object of the emotion
where it is directed
logos
meaning and message as a whole
claim
the core or anchor of the argument, the conclusion
data
what supports the claim, the rationale
arrangement
the relations between claims
who wrote: “Of Proficience and Advancement of Learning Divine and Huamn”
Francis Bacon
Who wrote “The Art of Rhetoric”
John Holmes
“The duty and office of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will”
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacons’ Faculty Psychology
win the imagination from the affections part
Francis Bacons said: “For the end of logic is to teach a form of….”
“argument to secure reason, and not to entrap it”
Francis Bacons said: The end of morality is to…
Procure the affections to obey reason, not to invade it
Francis Bacons said, The end of rhetoric is to full the imagination to…
second reason, not to oppress it
Holmes said there are three things to invention of speaking:
- quickness
- method/art
- application
What are all arguments founded?
Reason, morals or the affections
Who said argument is a way for making good a proof by which one thing is concluded from another and what is doubtful is confirmed by what is not?
Quintilian
What proofs belong to the inartificial argument?
Prejudices, reports, tortures, written deeds, oaths and witnesses
What do artificial proofs consist of
- Signs
- Arguments
- Examples
What is disposition?
the proper arrangement of the arguments or parts of an oration
Exordium
introduction
Principium
when an orator plainly and directly professes his aim in speaking at the introduction
Insinuatio
an introduction when the orator speaks in the favour of the audience before openly saying the point he has in view
Narration
discourse informing the viewer of the matter in dispute
The six parts of regular formal oration
- Exordium
- Narration
- Proposition
- Confirmation
- Refutation
- Peroration
Proposition
the distinct and express manner of laying down the subject upon which the speaker designs to treat
Confirmation
part of a discourse that contains the arguments which are necessary
The four classical virtues of style are
- Clarity
- Correctness
- Appropriateness
- Distinction
What are the six types of audiences?
- Target
- Secondary
- Imagined
- Invoked
- Implied
- Real
Invoked Audience
an audience that is explicitly constructed through the discource, ie. using “we all being in justice”
Forum
the physical or virtual spaces where many genres occur. For example, social media
Stasis theory
discerning where the uncertainty lies at the present moment of debate or inquiry
Three major stases
- Conjecture/Fact
- Definition
- Quality
Kairos
how the time and occasion influences what can or should be said
genre
type of communication
