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Bio208 > rewsf > Flashcards

rewsf Flashcards

1
Q

Law of tolerance

A

most spp perform best w/ a narrow environmental conditions

  • principal of allocation
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2
Q

matric forces

A

water tendency to adhere to walls

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3
Q

negative pressure

A

decrease plant water potential, created by water evaporation from leaves

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4
Q

Optimal foraging

A

predicts what/when/where animals eat

selection of energy based on minimal loss

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5
Q

hermaphadite

A

share male and female costs, low mobility, overlap in resource demands

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6
Q

distribution limits

A

geographical area restricting a spp distribution due to biotic and abiotic factors

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7
Q

3 patterns od survival tables

A
  1. cohort life table
    - tracks survival and mortality patterns based on birth year
    - most reliable
    - hard to get data
  2. static life table
    - record age of death of large # of individuals
    - hard to estimate age of death
  3. age distribution
    - distribution of age groups in ppn
    - estimate survival by looking at proportions in each age
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8
Q

survivorship curves

A

type 1
graph = high mortality among older gen
- large invertebrates

type 2
graph = linear (-)
- birds, snakes

type 3
graph = die young
- seaturtle, invertebraes

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9
Q

Dispersal

A

increase or decrease in ppn density b/c of immigration/emmigration

impacted by:
- climate change
- food supply/dispersal range
dispersal down river/stream

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10
Q

Dispersal down river

A
  • current pushes stream dwellers downstream
  • to compensate dwellers move upstream
    1. streamline bodu
    2. dorso-ventrally flat
    3. microbes adhere tp surfaces

colonization cycle = ppn maintain w/ interplay between up/down shifting

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11
Q

metapopulation

A

ppn of subppn that are connected w/ habitat requirements

  • limited gene exchange = decrease heterozygosity, bottleneck
  • maintained w/ immigration`
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12
Q

BIDE dynamics

A

Birth Immigration Death Emmigration

biotic factors = density dependent
abiotic = density independent`

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13
Q

geometric and exponential ppn growth

A

geometric
- successive gen differ in size by constant ratio
- single gen per year
- gens no overlap

exponential
- overlapping ppn
- continuous
- instinsic rate of increase = per capita rate under idea conditions

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14
Q

logistic ppn growth

A
  • biotic factors decrease rate of growth
  • s shape curve
  • k = carrying cap
  • zero net ppn growth
  • birth = death
  • low ppn = low growth rate
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15
Q

intravariation of spp

A

variation within spp

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16
Q

r selection

A

ppn growth rate, large value, fast

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17
Q

r spp

A

large ppn, fast growth, habitiat disturbance

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18
Q

k spp

A

small ppn, large, habitat near carrying cap (k)

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19
Q

ammensalism

A

spp1 negatively affected
spp2 neutral

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20
Q

neutralism

A

both spp neurtrally affected

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21
Q

forms of competition

A
  • interface = direct, agressive, between individuals
  • exploitative = indirect or direct, scarce resources
    e.g tree grow faster where older tree root area less
  • interspecific
  • intraspecific
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22
Q

competition evidence

A

ppn slow at increased density (k maxed)

  • logistic growth model
    e.g. self-thinning trees when more biomass and less density

density lowers faster than biomass increases (for plants)

23
Q

Lotka-Volterra model

A
  • for interspecific
  • resource down, ppl up
  • increase resource competition

coexistence
- interspecific must be less than intra in both spp

24
Q

coexistance factors

A

1 spatial heterogeniety in strength of competition

2 variation in spp competitive ability

3 competitive equivalence

4 non-equalibrium conditions (unstable)

25
Q

herbivory and plant defense

A

herbivoury decrease plant growth and reproduction but also increase growth in grasses w/ feces

  • resistance = decreased likelihood of damage
  • tolerance = withstand damage -overcompensation: form of tolerance where plants recover from herbivory and grow better or reproduce more after moderate levels of damage
26
Q

plant chemical defence

A
  • constitutive = continous regardless of environment
  • induced = rapid increase in response to damage
27
Q

snowshoe hares and predators

A
  • abundance cycle driven by plants/overppn
  • food supply = shortage in winter (peak density), heavy browsing induce plant chemical defence, lowering quality
  • non consumptive effects - up cortisol down reproduction
  • lynx max out at intermediate snowshoe ppn
  • coyote increase at highest density
28
Q

Lotka-volterra predator prey model

A
  1. assume exponential growth w/out predator
  2. add term for predator
  • critique
    1. exploiter not subject to carrying cap
    2. assume immediate response in other ppn
    3. no non-consumptive effects
29
Q

predatory avoidance

A
  1. camo
  2. coloration
    - aposematic = bright and toxic/distaste
    - batesian mimicry = not toxic, look similar to toxic
    - mulleriam mimicry = sharing color w other toxic
  3. refuge
    - hide in space
    - protection in #
    - predator saiton
    - safety in size (elephant)
30
Q

facaltative mutulaism

A

not needed for survival

31
Q

obligate mutualism

A

depended on for survival

32
Q

Herd immunity for disease

A

decreasing pathogen ppn can go extinct

  • vaccine susceptible
  • host availibilty lowers
  • large enough vaccinated ppn = immunity acheived
33
Q

disease ecology compartment models subppn

A

1 susceptible individuals
2 infected
3 immune

34
Q

disease transmission

A
  • direct = host infected
  • indirect = host surface
  • horizontal = partial gen
  • vertical = parent to offspring
35
Q

mutualist-exploiter continuum

A

mutualisms are exploitative interactions that happen to be reciprocal
- most are facultative
- more common: involve set of spp not single pairs

36
Q

cheating in mutualism

A
  • both ways

e.g. nector robbers: pollinators that exploud energy rich nector but do not move pollen

mimic flowers: mimic appearance and odor and induce wsapss to pseudocopulate by male wasts

37
Q

evolution of mutualism

A

will evolve where benefit>cost

  1. successive mutualist give and receive
  2. unsuccessive = give no receive
  3. non mutualist = neither
38
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

increase in size moving closer to poles
- surface to body ratio

39
Q

law of minimum

A

growth limited by scarcity

40
Q

j-curve

A

abundant resources, exponential growth

41
Q

Why number of trophic levels are limited

A
  1. energy loss through levels
  2. heat loss
  3. low ecological efficiency
42
Q

where does ecosystem energy go

A

energy entering an ecosystem is primarily captured by primary producers (through photosynthesis) and is transferred to consumers and decomposers as it flows through the trophic levels

43
Q

mechanisms of ecosystem biodiversity

A
  • Complementarity Niche theory - Production is highest in an ecosystem being most fully exploited.
  • Facilitation: Some species (spp) enhance the growth of others.
  • Sampling effect: Assumption that the functions of communities with low species evenness are driven by dominant species.
44
Q

Wetland value

A
  • flood control
  • shoreline = storm protection
  • climate change mitigation
45
Q

laws of thermodynamics

A

1 energy can’t be created only transformed
2 head will move from warm to cool, entropy increases in closed system

46
Q

importance of plant diversity

A
  • species richness (diversity) is positively correlated with primary production
  • more diverse = higher primary production
47
Q

phosphorus cycle

A
  • importance: Vital for ATP, RNA, DNA, and phospholipid molecules. Essential for energy transfer and genetic processes in living organisms.
  • global cycle: Lacks a significant atmospheric pool.
  • soil: Exists in chemical forms often unavailable to plants, so they use miccorhizae
  • Phosphorus Movement:
    1. Released through the weathering of rocks.
    2. Absorbed by plants and recycled within ecosystems.
    3. Washed into rivers and eventually to the oceans, where it remains dissolved.
48
Q

nitrogen cycle

A
  • importance: structure and dunction of organisms
  • major atomospheric pool, few organisms can directly utilize
  • nitrogen fixers: cyanobacteria, soil bacteria on legumes convert N₂ into forms usable by plants (e.g., ammonia).
  • Agricultural practices have increased nitrogen fixation (e.g., synthetic fertilizers like NH₄).
  • Ammonia (NH₃) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) are absorbed by plants and transferred through food webs.
  • denitrification = Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere as N₂ through anaerobic processes by bacteria.
49
Q

carbon cycle

A
  • importance: Central to organic molecules and compounds like carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄).
  • processes: photosynthesis, respiration
  • In aquatic ecosystems, CO₂ dissolves in water and forms equilibrium with bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and carbonate (CO₃²⁻), some of which precipitates as calcium carbonate and is buried in sediments.
  • carbon resovoirs:
    1. Fast-cycling carbon: In the atmosphere, organisms, and surface layers of the ocean.
    2. Slow-cycling carbon: In soils, fossil fuels, and carbonate rocks, remaining sequestered for long periods.
50
Q

rate of decomp

A
  • Temperature and moisture positively influence decomposition rates.
  • Soil fertility and nutrient availability (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus) are crucial.
  • High lignin and low nitrogen content slow decomposition.
51
Q

Decomp in Mediterranean Woodland Ecosystems:

A
  • Decomposition was influenced by moisture and chemical traits like nitrogen content and toughness of leaves.
  • Higher decomposition rates at Monte La Sauceda (wetter site) compared to Doñana Biological Reserve.
52
Q

Decomp in Temperate Forest Ecosystems:

A
  • North Carolina site had faster decomposition due to higher nitrogen availability and temperature compared to New Hampshire.
  • Leaves with high lignin decomposed slower, confirming the lignin-to-nitrogen correlation.
53
Q

Decomp in Aquatic Ecosystems:

A
  • Higher nitrate and phosphorus concentrations increase leaf decomposition rates.
  • Leaves with high lignin (e.g., beech) decompose slower than those with lower lignin (e.g., ash).

Bio208 (2 decks)

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