REVISION = (TOPIC 4) - THE UK'S EVOLVING PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE (COMPONENT 2) THE UK PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE

Question 1

PERMEABLE ROCKS:

Answer 1

PERMEABLE ROCK IS WHEN WATER FLOW’S THROUGH LITTLE GAPS IN BETWEEN THE ROCKS

EXAMPLE: WHEN ROCKS ARE PRODUCED OVER A BIT OF SOIL OR SOFT GRASSLAND THEN; WHEN THAT ROCK IS PERMEABLE AND ABOUT TO COLLAPSE ALL THAT LIQUID WILL THEN SINK INTO THE SOIL WHICH WILL HELP WHEREVER THERE ARE CROPS BEING GROWN. IT ALSO DEPENDS ON WHAT TYPE OF AREA YOU LIVE IN; TEMPERATURE OR EVEN E.G. BOREAL FOREST, TROPICAL RAINFOREST.

Question 2

IMPERMEABLE:

Answer 2

IMPERMEABLE ROCKS ARE BASICALLY THE OPPOSITE TO PERMEABLE ROCK, BUT INSTEAD OF WATER SINKING THROUGH AIR IS FORCED IN THE ROCKS WHICH THEN LEADS CRACKS IN THE ROCKS. THIS COULD HAPPEN TO PERMEABLE ROCKS WHICH THEN WATER WILL FLOW THROUGH BUT AGAIN ITS ALSO WHERE YOU ARE LOCATED HOW BIG AND FORMED THE ROCK ACTUALLY IS…

Question 3

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN TYPES OF ROCK IN THE UK’S PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE?

Answer 3

IGNEOUS = IGNEOUS ROCK IS FORMED WHEN MAGMA FROM VOLCANOES COOLS DOWN & HARDENS.

SEDIMENTARY = FORMED FROM TINY SHELLS AND SKELETONS OF DEAD SEA CREATURES.

METAMORPHIC = THIS IS WHEN OTHER ROCKS SUCH AS (IGNEOUS & SEDIMENTARY) ARE CHANGED BY THERMAL (HEAT) AND PRESSURE.

Question 4

WHAT ARE THE 3 TECTONIC ACTIVITY’S IN THE UK?

Answer 4

ACTIVE VOLCANOES

PLATE COLLISIONS = CONTINENTS WERE ONCE BELIEVED TO BE FORMED NEXT TO EACHOTHER & SEPERATED A CERTAIN AMOUNT PER YEAR MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO (345 - 280).

PLATE MOVEMENTS - UK POSITION

Question 5

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN LANDSCAPES IN THE UK TODAY? AHERE ARE THEY EACH LOCATED?

Answer 5

LOW & UPLAND

LOWLAND = MAINLY ALONG THE COASTLINE E.G. (BRIGHTON, BOURNMOUTH) ETC…

UPLAND = MOSTLY MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS OR EVEN HILLS. AREAS IN SUCH AS; (LIVERPOOL, SCOTLAND) ETC…

Question 6

DIFFERENT TYPES OF (SOFT) & (HARD) ROCKS IN THE UK:

Answer 6

HARDER = SLATE & (SHALE), CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE MAINLY CLASSIFIED AS IGNEOUS ROCK, SCHIST & OTHER METAMORPHIC ROCK & ALSO IGNEOUS ROCK IS HARD ROCK AS WELL.

SOFT = CLAYS & SANDSTONE, CHALK, MUDSTONES & SANDSTONES. THESE ROCKS ARE USUALLY PERMEABLE WHICH MEANS WATER SINK THROUGH THEM EASILY.

Question 7

WHAT ARE THE 4 PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE UK:

Answer 7

WEATHERING = BREAKDOWN OF ROCK INTO SMALLER PIECES.

EROSION = SMALL ROCK CLASHING INTO CLIFFS AT THE EDGE OF COAST WHICH THEN LEADS ALL THE BROKEN PARTS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE CLIFF TO KEEP BREAKING INTO THE ROCKS WHICH THEN LEADS THE TOP OF THE CLIFF TO FALL INTO THE WATER DUE TO NO SUPPORT.

SLOPE PROCESSES = INCLUDES MASS MOVEMENT SUCH AS RIVERS (OX -BOX LAKES & MEANDERS), VALLEYS, HILLS, MOUNTAINS E.G. WHEN A V - SHAPED VALLEY IS FORMED IT SLOWLY TURN INTO A U - SHAPED VALLEY SLOWLY DUE TO SLOPE PROCESSES ETC… MEANDERS TURN INTO OX - BOW LAKES.

POST - GLACIAL RIVER PROCESSES = THIS PROCESS COULD IN THE NEXT 100 YEARS DECIDE A MASSIVE AFFECT ON HOW THE WORLD & MAP WILL LOOK LIKE IF PEOPLE DON’T TREAT THE WORLD AS THEY SHOULD, FOR EXAMPLE ANTARCTICA WHEN ALLTHE BIG ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS MELT THAT ALL FALLS INTO THE SEA & MAKES THE WATER LEVEL RISE BY 1CM PER YEAR. IT HAS BEEN PRODICTED BY SCIENTISTS THAT BY ABOUT 2100 THE CONTINENTS AND COUNTRIES SURROUNDED BY ALL THE WATER WOULD OF FLOODED AND FORGOTTEN ABOUT DUE TO THIS PROCESS.

Question 8

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN WEATHERING IN THE UK?:

Answer 8

MECHANICAL, BIOLOGICAL & CHEMICAL.

Question 9

HOW HAVE HUMANS CHANGED THE LANDSCAPES IN THE UK?:

Answer 9

HUMANS HAVE DONE THIS IN - CHANGE OF AGRICULTURE & DEFOREST WHATEVER LAND THERE TO BE SUITABLE FOR FARMING. THIS WOULD BE GREAT FOR PEOPLE WITH JOBS LIKS THIS BECAUSE IT WOULD BE A LOT MORE CONVENIENT FOR THE TO GROW THEIR VEGETATION (CROPS) AND ANIMALS IN A SAFE BUT HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT. THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF LANDSCAPE FOR ATION HUMANS ATTACKIS FORESTRY (DEFORESTATION) & SETTLEMENT (TURNING SPACE WITH A LOT OF LAND BUT GOOD RESOURCES INTO A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE CAN LIVE).

Question 10

WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?:

Answer 10

THE TERM MASS MOVEMENT REFERS TO AS WHEN MATERIAL FALLS DOWN A SLOPE. THE 3 MAIN TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT ARE (SLIDES, SLUMPS & ROCKFALLS). THEY’RE MORE LIKELY TO HAPPEN WHEN THE MATERIAL IS FULL OF WATER - IT ACTS AS A (LUBRICANT) & MAKES THE MATERIAL HEAVIER.

Question 11

WHAT ARE COASTAL LANDFORMS CAUSED BY EROSION?:

Answer 11

COASTLINE CAN BE CONCORDANT & DISCORDANT THEY BOTH HAS A WAVE DIRECTION WHICH IS THE SAME BUT DISCORDANT LAYERS OF ROCK ARE DIFFERENT TO CONCORDANT. THEY BOTH HAVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF SOFT AND HARD ROCK PLOTTED OVER THE WAVES BUT ARE STRUCTRED DIFFERENTLY. CONCORDANT ARE THIN LAYERS ON TOP OF EACHOTHER, BUT DISCORDANT ARE BIG BLOCKS PROBABLY HARD TO GET THROUGH AND STRUCTRED NEXT TO EACHOTHER. IN SOME OF THESE OCCASIONS ESPECIALLY CONCORDANT COASTLINES WOULD BE THINGS APPEARING SUCH AS TSUNAMI’S CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES WHICH MAKES THEM WORST BY DESTRUCTIVE WAVES AS WELL AS THE UK’S CLIMATE HAS A SLIGHT AFFECT AS WELL.

Question 12

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COASTAL LANDFORMS CAUSED BY DEOPOSITION?:

Answer 12

TRANSPORTATION IS THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL = MATERIAL IS TRANSPORTED ALONG COASTS BY A PROCESS CALLED LONGSHORE DRIFT.

CONSTRUCTIVE WAVES = NORMALLY FOUND IN AREAS SUCH AS BEACHES NOT SO MUCH COASTINE DUE TO THE PRESSURE OF THE WIND AND WEATHER. THESE WAVES ARE WAVES YOU WOULD NORMALLY SEE WHEN YOUR ON HOLIDAY, NOT SO POWERFUL COMPARED TO DESTRUCTIVE WAVES.

DEPOSITED SEDIMENT FORM SPITS & BARS = SPITS FORM AT SHARP BENDS IN THE COASTLINE NEAR A RIVER MOUTH, AS ON THE OTHER HAND BARS ARE FORMED WHEN A SPIT JOINS TWO HEADLANDS TOGEHTER.

Question 13

WHAT ARE THE MAIN LANDFORMS CAUSED BY EROSION?:

Answer 13

CAVES, ARCHES & STACKS = CAVES & ARCHES CAN’T BE SEEN ON A MAP BECAUSE OF THE ROCKS ABOVE THEM. STACKS LOOK LIKE LITTLE BLOBS IN THE SEA.

CLIFFS & WAVES - CUT PLATFORMS =CLIFFS ARE SHOWN ON MAPS AS LITTLE BLACK LINES. WAVE - CUT PLATFORMS ARE SHOWN AS BUMPY EDGES ALONG THE COAST.

Question 14

WHAT ARE THE MAIN LANDFORMS CAUSEDBY DEPOSITION?:

Answer 14

BEACHES = SAND BEACHES ARE SHOWN ON MAPS AS PALE YELLOW.

SPITS = SPITS ARE SHOWN AS LANDFORMS WHICH HAVE A BEACH PR COASTLINE AREA AND A SPIT CARRIES ON OUTSIDE OF THAT INTO THE SEA. (THIN & LONG) THEY ARE USUALLY AT SHARP BENDS!

Question 15

WHAT ARE THE HUMAN ACTIVITY’S CAUSED AT THE COAST?:

Answer 15

AGRICULTURE = DEFOREST ALL LAND (TREES) FOR RESOURCES, THEN THAT AREA (SPACE) WILL BE OVERTAKEN BY FARMERS FOR THEIR VEGETATION (CROPS TO GROW) & ANIMALS TO SETTLE.

DEVELOPMENT = COASTAL AREAS ARE POPULAR PLACES TO LIVE AND WORK, SO THEY OFTEN HAVE LOTS OF DEVELOPMENT, E.G. HOTELS & INSFRASTRUCTURE (ROADS, RAIL, POWER LINES…)

INDUSTRY = COASTAL QUARRIES EXPOSE LARGE AREAS OF ROCKS, MAKING THEN MORE VULNERABLE TO CHEMICAL WEATHERING. GRAVEL EXTRACTED FROM BEACHES TO USE FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.

COASTAL MANAGEMENT = PROTECTING COASTAL LANDFORMS FROM THE IMPACTS OF EROSION.

Question 16

COASTAL LANDSCAPE - EXAMPLE:

Answer 16

HOLDERNESS COASTLINE = IT STRECHES ALL THE WAY FROM FLAMBOROUGH HEAD TO SPURN HEAD (SPIT) WHICH IS 61KM LONG. EROSION IS CAUSING THE CLIFFS TO COLAPSE, 1.8M OF LAND IS LOST TO EROSION MAKING THE RATE OF EROSION NEAR THAT SPIT OVER 10M PER YEAR IN RECENT YEARS. BEACHES ARE VERY NARROW THEREFORE NOT ENOUGH PROTECTION IS PROVIDED FOR CLIFFS.

OVER 11KM THE HOLDERNESS COASTLINE IS PROTECTED BY HARD ENGINEERING STRATEGIES, THIS IS BECAUSE THERE ARE POPULATION BIG AS 8,000 TO 10,000 PEOPLE LIVING WHICH NEED TO BE WATCHED. AS WELL AS THE GAS TERMINAL IN EASTINGTON WHICH SUPPLIES 25% OF GAS ALL ACROSS THE UK.

THERE ARE ALSO DEFENCES SUCH AS GROYNES, SEA WALLS ETC WHICH HELP PROTECT THESE CLIFFS FROM EROSION. THEY ARE VERY EXPENSIVE (PRICEY) BUT IT WORTH DUE TO ITS PAYOFFS. THEY OBJECTIVES ARE VERY KEY TO BUILD IN ESPECIALLY FOR THE. COASTLINES SUCH AS THE HOLDERNESS.

FUN FACT = WHENEVER TOURISTS GO PAST THESE EQUIPS, THEY OFTEN SAY THEY ARE UGLY AND MAKE THE AREA LOOK WORST.

Question 17

WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IS INCREASING THE RISK OF COASTAL FLOODING?:

Answer 17

RISING SEA LEVELS = ONE THING I CAN TAKE AWAY FROM THIS TOPIC IS GLACIERS & HOW THEY ARE MELTING IN AREAS SUCH AS THE NORTH & SOUTH POLE BUT ESPECIALLY ANTARCTICA, WHERE HUGE ICE GLACIERS ARE FALLING IN THE WATER DUE TO THEM MELTING BECAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE THEREFORE THAT MSLTS IN THE WATER AND INCREASES THE WATER LEVEL TO RISE ATLEAST 1CM PER YEAR.

STORM FREQUENCY = CLIMATE CHANGE AGAIN MAKING STORMS TO INCREASE IN FREQUENCY THEREFORE THAT CAUSES MORE EROSIONAL POWER. WHEN IT COMES TO OCEANS & SEAS, MORE DESTRUCTIVE WAVES WILL APEAR THEREFORE MORE DESTRUCTIONS LIKELY TO HAPPEN SUCH AS TSUNAMI’S ETC.

Question 18

WHAT ARE THE THREATS TO PEOPLE & THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO COASTAL FLOODING?:

Answer 18

THREATS TO HUMANS = LOW - LYING COASTAL AREAS COULD BE PERMANENTLY FLOODED (THIS COULD LEAD TO IMPOSSIBLE TO INHABIT IN THE FUTURE). INDUSTRIES COULD BE SHIT DOWN DUE TO DAMAGE BEING DONE TO THINGS SUCH AS BOATS, BUILDINGS ETC.

THREATS TO ENVIRONMENT = ECOSYSTEMS WILL BE AFFECTED BECAUSE OF SEAWATER HAS A HIGH SALT CONTENT. IT CAN AFFECT THINGS ALSO LIKE AGRICULTURE BY REDUCING SOIL FERTILITY (PERMEABLE ROCKS WILL NOT CONTAINS WATER TO GIVE OUT TO THE SOIL THEREFORE THERE WILL NOT BE AS MANY CROPS VEGETATION GROWN FOR FARMERS), LOSS OF JOB OR EVEN LACK OF PRODUCTS TO SELL FOR MONEY AND EAT. CONSERVATION AREAS SUCH AS LAGOONS ON THE HOLDERNESS COULD BE ERODED & DESTROYED.

Question 19

WHAT ARE THE 5 MAIN BUILT IN FUNCTIONS TO PREVENT (EROSION) FROM HAPPENING (HARD & SOFT ENGENEERING)?:

Answer 19

HARD ENGENEERING = SEA WALLS & GROYNES (LONGSHORE DRIFT).

SOFT ENGENEERING = BEACH REPLENSISHMENT, SLOPE STABILISATION & STRATEGIC REALIGNMENT.

Question 20

RIVER’S LONG PROFILE & CROSS PROFILE VARY OVER IT COURSE:

Answer 20

LONG PROFILE RIVER’S ARE NORMALLY FOUND NEAR UPLAND AREAS SUCH AS MOUNTAINS & HILLS. THE 3 TYPES OF COURSES A RIVER HAS ARE UPPER, MIDDLE & LOWER. THE GRADIANTS ARE STEEP WHICH IA USUALLY AT THE TOP, MEDIUM & GENTLE WHICH ARE MOSTLY LOWLAND (A LOT MORE FLAT SHAPED GROUND). MOST OF THESE PROFILE’S HAVE THEIR OWN VALLEY’S & CHANNEL SHAPES WHICH ARE MOSTLY V - SHAPED OR U SHAPED IF ITS LOWLAND WHICH MEANS THINGS LIKE CORRIES WILL FORM IN THAT TIME AFTER PRECIPITATION.

Question 21

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF EROSION IN THE UK WHICH CHANGE CROSS PROFILE’S OF A RIVER?:

Answer 21

VERTICAL & LATERAL EROSION

Question 22

WHAT ARE THE 4 PROCESSES OF EROSION:

Answer 22

HYDROLIC ACTION
ABRASION
ATTRITION
SOLUTION

Question 23

WHERE ARE WATERFALL & GORGES FOUND IN THE RIVER?:

Answer 23

THEY ARE FOUND IN THE UPPER COURSE OF THE RIVER. THESE PLACES HAVE A MIX OF HARD BUT ALSO SOFT ROCK. SOFTER ROCK IS ERODED BY HYDROLIC ACTION & ABRASION, HARD ROCK INSTEAD CREATES A ‘STEP’ IN THE RIVER. AS MORE WATER GOES OVER THE STEP IT ERODES WHICH MEANS IT WILL EVENTUALLY FORM A WATERFALL DUE TO HAVING NOT SUPPORT AND THEREFORE COLLAPSES, AS THE SMALLER ROCKS THEN AFTER SWIRLING AROUND IN THE WATER START BASHING AGAINST THE WATERFALL CREATING EROSION OCCURING. AFTER MANY YEARS THIS PROCESS REPEATS AND DOES NOT STOP (END).

Question 24

HOW ARE MEANDERS FORMED?:

Answer 24

MEANDERS ARE FORMED BY EROSION & DEPOSITION. THIS MEANS WHEN A RIVER IS GOING DOWN ON A STREAM THERE’S ACTUALLY SOMETHING CALLED HYDROLIC ACTION & ABRASION CLASHING AGAINST THE SIDE OF RIVER WITH THE SMALLER ROCKS WHICH MEANS THE OUTSIDE OF THE RIVER WILL HAVE A SLIGHT BEND, OVER THE YEARS THIS WILL INCREASE IN WIDTH AND THEREFORE WILL CREATE A MEANDER.

Question 25

HOW ARE OX - BOW LAKES FORMED?:

Answer 25

OX - BOW LAKES ACTUALLY FORM WITH THE HELP OF MEANDERS. EROSION CAUSES THE OUTSIDE BENDS TO GET CLOSER…UNTIL THERE’S ONLY A SMALL BIT OF LAND LEFT BETWEEN THE BENDS (NECK). RIVER BREAKS THEOUGH THIS LAND CAUSED BY A FLOOD. RIVER FLOWS ACROSS THE SHORTEST COURSE. DEPOSITION CUTS OF THE MEANDER & FINALLY FORMS AN OX - BOW LAKE.

Question 26

WHAT ARE FLOOD PLAINS?:

Answer 26

FLOOD PLAINS ARE FLAT AREAS OF LAND THAT FLOOD.

Question 27

LEVEES?:

Answer 27

LEVEES ARE NATURAL ENBANKMENTS (RAISED BITS) ALONG THE EDGES OF A RIVER CHANNEL. FLOOD TIMES ERODED MATERIAL DEPOSITS OVER THE FLOOD PLAIN. HEAVIEST MATERIAL IS DEPOSITED CLOSEST TO THE RIVER CHANNEL, SLOWS DOWN RIVER. FINALLY OVER TIME MATERIAL BUILDS UP WHICH HAS BEEN DEPOSITED, CREATES LEVEES AT EDGE OF THE CHANNEL.

Question 28

WHAT ARE CONTOUR LINES?:

Answer 28

CONTOUR LINES TELLS YOU THE DIRECTIONS OF WHERE A RIVER IS & WHERE THE LOCATIONS ITS GOING TO.

Question 29

WHAT ARE DELTASES?:

Answer 29

DELTASES ARE LOW - LYING AREAS WHERE A RIVER MEETS THE SEA OR A LAKE. THEY ARE SLOWED DOWN WHEN APPROACHING LAKES, OR THE SEA. THIS IS BECAUSE OF THE MATERIAL THAT THEY ARE CARRYING, IF THIS IS FAILED THEN THE CHANNEL GETS BLOCKED. EVENTUALLY MATERIAL BUILDS UP SO MUCH THAT THE LOW - LYING AREAS ARE CALLED AND FORMED INTO DELTAS.

Question 30

UPPER & LOWER COURSE RIVERS LANDFORMS:

Answer 30

IN THE TOPIC OF UPPER COURSE RIVERS LANDFORMS, THEY ARE USUALLY FOUND NORTH, NW ENGLAND ALSO KNOWN AS WATERFALLS ETC (712M HIGH). THIS RIVER CROSESS VARIOUS CONTOUR LINES WHICH MEANS THEY ARE STEEP (NARROW). THEY ARE CLOSE TOGETHER & THESE CONTOUR LINES ARE VERY NARROW. THIS RESULTS TO ENDING UP AND KNOWN AS A V - SHAPED VALLEY.

Question 31

RIVER LANDSCAPES & SEDIMENT LOAD:

Answer 31

RIVER LANDSCAPES & SEDIMENT LOADS ARE INFLUENCED BY PHYSICAL FACTORS MEANING; CLIMATE, GEOLOGY & SLOPE PROCESSES ALL HELP TO SHAPE RIVER LANDSCAPES & AFFECT SEDIMENT LOAD (MATERIAL CARRIED BY RIVERS).

THE 3 MAIN TYPES OF RIVER LANDSCAPES & SEDIMENT LOADS ARE KNOW AS (CLIMATE, GEOLOGY & SLOPE PROCESSES) ALL OF THESE VARIOUS ACTIVITY’S HAVE AN AFFECT ON RIVER LANDSCAPES & SEDIMENT LOAD.

Question 32

WHAT IS RIVER DISCHARGE?:

Answer 32

1. ) RIVER DISCHARGE IS SIMPLY THE VOLUME OF WATER THAT FLOWS IN A RIVER PER SECOND. ITS MEASURED IN CUMECS - CUBIC METRES PER SECOND (M3/S).
2. ) STORM HYDROGRAPHS SHOW THE CHANGES IN RIVER DISCHARGE AROUND THE TIME OF A STORM.

Question 33

WHAT ARE STORM HYDROGRPAHS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT FACTORS?:

Answer 33

(PHYSICAL AFFECTS):
GEOLOGY.
SOIL TYPE.
SLOPE.
DRAINAGE BASIN TYPE.
ANTECENDENT CONDITIONS.

THERE ARE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES (HUMAN AFFECTS):
URBANISATION.
DEFORESTATION.

Question 34

RIVER EDEN:

Answer 34

THERE ARE BOTH HUMAN & PHYSICAL AFFECTS TO THE RIVER EDEN BUT THE MAIN FACTS ARE, IT RUNS THROUGH NORTH CUMBRIA. AROUND THESE AREAS FLOODING IS A VERY COMMON THING. THE MIX OF PHYSICAL & HUMAN ATTRIBUTES AFFECTS FLODDING NEAR THE RIVER EDENIN NORTH CUMBRIA.

Question 35

RISKS OF FLOODING IS INCREASING IN THE UK:

Answer 35

FLOOD RISK IS INCREASING IN THE UK BECAUSE OF TWO MAIN FACTORS:
INCREASING FREQUENCY OF STORMS = THIS COULD BE A CHANGE IN GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE. STORMA BECOME MORE EXTREME & INTENSE ALSO INCREASING IN FLOOD DUE TO THE SCALE OF RAINFALL. MORE WET WEATHER MAKE THE GROUND SATURATED (MAKES FLOOD).

LANDUSE CHANGE = AS THE UK’S POPULATION GROWS. MORE PRESSURE TO EXPAND URBAN AREAS FOR MORE FLATS AND HOUSES TO BE BUILT AS THE POPLUATION GROWS. NO VEGETATION LEADS TO WATER BEING STORED IN SOIL OR PLANTS & TREES FLOW QUICKLY DOWNSTREAM. HOUSES AND FLATS ARE GETTING BUILT IN FLOOD PRONES TO INCREASE DEVELOPMENT TO MOST AREAS, THIS IS NOT ALWAYS GOOD AS PEOPLE WHO SETTLE IN THESE AREAS THERE IS MPRE OF A CHANCE OF GETTING FLOODED IF FLOOD DEFENCES FAIL.

Question 36

THREATS TO PEOPLE & ENVIRONMENT DUE TO FLOODING?:

Answer 36

HUMAN THREATS = INJURED, KILLED, ROADS, BRIDGES & RAIL LINES CAN BE DAMAGED OR DESTROYED, FLOODWATER CAN BE CONTAMINATED WITH SEWAGE WATER WHICH LEADS TO NOT ENOUGH POTABLE WATER TO DRINK, LOSS OF HOMES & JOBS LEADS TO BECOMING HOMELESS & BUISNESSES MAY BE FORCED TO SHUT DOWN & DISTRIBUTE POWER SUPLLIES (LEADS TO LOSS OF LIVELIHOODS).

ENVIRONMENT = SEWAGE & FLOODWATER CONTAMINATED LEADS TO POLLUTED RIVERS, DAMAGING HABITATS, FARMLAND (CROPS) CAN BE RUINED BY SILT & SEDIMENT DEPOSITED AFTER A FLOOD, THE FORCE OF FLOODWATER CAN UPROOT PLANTS, STANDING FLOODWATER MAY CAUSE INITIAL WAVE OF WATER TO DIE.

Question 37

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ENGENEERING THAT CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF FLOODING OR EFFECTS?:

Answer 37

HARD & SOFT ENGINEERING:
HARD ENGINEERING = MAN MADE STRUCTURES BUILT TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF RIVERS AND REDUCE FLOODING. THE COSTS & BENEFITS OF HARD ENGINEERING ARE (FLOOD WALLS, EMBANKMENTS, FLOOD BARRIERS ( FLOODGATES)& FLOOD BARRIERS (DEMOUTABLE).

SOFT ENGINEERING = SCHEMES SET UP USING KNOWLEDGE OF A RIVER & ITS PROCESSES TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF FLOODING. COSTS & BENEFITS FOR SOFT ENGINEERING ARE (FLOOD PLAIN RETENTION & RIVER RESTORATION.

Question 38

WHAT ARE THE 3 LANDFORMS OF COASTAL DEPOSITION?:

Answer 38

BEACHES, SPITS & BARS.