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Botany > Revision slides > Flashcards

Revision slides Flashcards

1
Q

temperature directly affects ( the rate of these processes increase with an increase in temperature

A

photosynthesis
respiration
transpiration
absorption

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2
Q

low temperature results in x GROWTH

A

Poor

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3
Q

high temperature causes increased respiration sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis

A

for growth photosynthesis must be greater than respiration

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4
Q

what plants stop producing vegetative growth and Strat producing flowers and seeds in high temperatures

A

bolt

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5
Q

no light- no chlorophyll

A

etiolation very long straggly

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6
Q

low intensity light red wavelenghts

A

long spindly growth

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7
Q

high intensity light (UV wavelengths)

A

plant dwarfing

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8
Q

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

A

400-700NM

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9
Q

Phytochromes

A

photoperiodism

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10
Q

if plants become too dense what stops?

A

Photosynthesis

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11
Q

<15% O2 reproduction is
<2.5% O2 reproduction
<0% anaerobic respiration takes

A

reduced
stops
place

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12
Q

anaerobic conditions in flooded soil can lead to

A

ethanol toxicity

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13
Q

under drought conditions plants close their

A

stomata

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14
Q

central atom of chlorophyll

A

magnesium

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15
Q

Macro nutrients

A

N P K Mg S Ca

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16
Q

monocots

A

1 leaf

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17
Q

dicots

A

2 leaf

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18
Q

function of roots

A
  1. water uptake
  2. aching
  3. binding the soil
  4. nutrient uptake
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19
Q

inhibition

A

seeds absorb moisture and swell until the seed coat bursts

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20
Q

annual weeds

A

1.fat hen
annual nettle
charlock
red dead nettle
red shank
6. cleavers

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21
Q

biennal weeds

A

ragwort (pigs, horses, goats, deer, chicken )
wild carrot

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22
Q

Perennial

A

docks
bracken
couchgrass
bishop weed

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23
Q

ephemeral

A

hairy bittercress
groundsel

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24
Q

Fungal disease

A

ash dieback

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25
Q

bacterial disease cherry laurel (X%)

A

shot hole disease 30 %

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26
Q

viral disease

A

Potato virus (5 types)

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27
Q

leaf modifications

A

1.poison
2.spine
3.reduced leaf
4.leaf tendril
5.succulence
6.storage lead (bulb )
7. carnivory
8. petal
9. sepal

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28
Q

stem modifications

A

1.thorns
2. succulent stems
3. corm gladiolus
4. stem tendril
5. stem tubber potatoe
6. stolon

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29
Q

root modifications

A

storage root
root tuber
prop root
aerial root
epiphyte
pneumatophore

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30
Q

sexual reproduction

A

produces offspring by the fusion of egg and sperm resulting in genetically different parents and each other

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31
Q

asexual reproduction

A

vegetative reproduction produces offspring without the fusion of an egg and sperm. offspring genetical identical

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32
Q

sexual reproduction =

A

seeds

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33
Q

asexual reproduction
fragmentation
tubers
bulbs
cuttings
grafting

A

stolons, runners
potatoes
onions daffodils
stem, leaf , root
fruit trees

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34
Q

certified seed

A

seed that is handled as so to satisforily maintain GENETIC IDENTITY and PURITY and that has been approved and certified by the certifying agency

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35
Q

Plant breading goals

A
  1. yield
  2. quality traits
  3. havestilitby
  4. persistance
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36
Q

Growth scale

A

Zadoks decimal

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37
Q

Climate change

A

long term shifts in temperature and weather patterns since the 1800s human activities have been the main driver. (burning fossil fuels which produced heat trapping GHG)

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38
Q

GHG

A

Carbon dioxide
methane 4
nitrous oxide
fluorinated gases

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39
Q

climate action plan aims to reduced GHG by X%

A

51% 2030

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40
Q

> X% of farming GHG emissions directly linked to animals and the manture they create

A

80%

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41
Q

X of emissions is blamed on fertilisers

A

1/8

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42
Q

climate action plan requires agriculture to reduced GHG by X%

A

25%

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43
Q

farmers are rewarded for what they produce rather than how they produce it

A

10th consecutive year no. dairy cows rose

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44
Q

largest single stem tree volume and mass

A

giant sequoia

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45
Q

tallest tree in the world

A

coastal redwood 116m

46
Q

oldest living tree

A

Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva)
>5,000 years old

47
Q

if moisture is a limiting factor

A

fertiliser is not used efficiently
herbicides are not taken up efficiently

48
Q

stages of germinating seeds

A
  1. imbibition
    radicle pushes through the seed coat
    primary root begins to develop
    primary leaves begin to unfold
    true leave completely emerge and the cotyledons eventually fall off
49
Q

atmospheric Factors affecting water absorption in plants

A

temperature
relative humidify
vapur pressure deficit (VPD)
Wind speed

50
Q

Biological factors affecting water absorption in plants

A

plant species
root length
root sytem
plant health
growth rate

51
Q

Plant oomycete disease

A

water molds”, are a group of several hundred organisms that include some of the most devastating plant pathogens. The diseases they cause include seedling blights, damping-off, root rots, foliar blights and downy mildews.

52
Q

Fluorinated gases how much larger effect than CO2

A

23,000 greater

53
Q

agri is responsible for XX% of national NH3 emissions

A

99%

54
Q

flowering plants

A

angiosperms (vascular)

55
Q

conifers

A

gymnosperms (vasculare )

56
Q

ferns and fern allies ( pteridophytes) ( vascular)

A

pteridophytes) ( vascular)
disperse spores

57
Q

mosses and liverworts

A

bryophytes ( non vascular)

58
Q

Poaceae

A

grass family 798
most important family to humans
rice, maize, wheat, barley
weeds
meadow grass
wild oats
couch, scutch

59
Q

Asteraceae

A

Daisy family
1911 generas
no agri importance but weeds are important
ragwort,
knapweed
coltsfoot
creeping thistle
dandelion

60
Q

Solanaceae crops

A

nightshade family
115 plant genera
many members poisonous
weeds
black nightshade

61
Q

Apiaceae

A

celery/parsley/ carrots
418 plant genera
weeds
wild carrot
hogweed
ground elder, bishopweed

62
Q

Rosaceae

A

Cultivated fruits- apples, pears, peaches ornamental plants for gardens
104 plant genera
WEEDS
Silverweed
creeping cinquefoil
meadowsweet
brambles

62
Q

Rosaceae

A

Cultivated fruits- apples, pears, peaches ornamental plants for gardens
104 plant genera
WEEDS
Silverweed
creeping cinquefoil
meadowsweet
brambles

63
Q

Fabaceae

A

legume family pea/bean fam
946
importance for fixing nitrogen gas from the air
irregular flower with 5 petals
WEED
hairy vetch
gorse

64
Q

Amaranthaceae

A

goosefoot family
178 plant genera
tiny greenish flowers
have sepals but NO petals
flowers densely clustered on spikes
Crops
quinoa
spinach
sugar and fodder beets
WEED
Fat hen/ goosefoot

65
Q

Brassicaceae

A

cabbage family
372 plant genera
4 petals in a cross
Crops
oilseed rape
leafy forage crop
Weeds
charlock (annual )
shepherds purse (annual)

66
Q

7 classifications

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
king Philip comes over for good spaghetti

67
Q

leaf blade

A

grows from the base of the blade

68
Q

sheath

A

lower part of the leaf that hugs the stem

69
Q

nodes

A

elbows along the culm add strength
allow change in direction of growth

70
Q

male parts

A

stamens
—– anther
——filament

71
Q

female parts

A

stigma
—–style
—– ovary

72
Q

Rhixomatous

A

A rhizome (also known as a creeping rootstalk or rootstock) is a type of plant stem that grows horizontally underground or across the soil surface. Its main purpose is to store carbohydrates and proteins so the rhizomatous plant can survive between growing seasons.

73
Q

Stoloniferous

A

A horizontal stem that is located above the ground and usually produces adventitious roots and vertical stems at the nodes. Stoloniferous refers to a plant that bears stolons.

74
Q

Cespitose/tufted

A

forming mats; growing in dense tufts.

75
Q

cultural methods of weed control

A

crop rotation
alternating winter and spring crops
burying your problem
chemical

76
Q

when to spray weeds

A

young
healthy
growing actively

77
Q

Von Liebig’s law of minimum

A

plant growth is limited by the scarcest resource

78
Q

global N fertilser use

A

100 million tonnes

79
Q

N deposition

A

via precipitation

80
Q

nitrification

A

oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and then nitrate

81
Q

Denitrification

A

closes the loop in the N cycle
Redox reaction- oxidation- nitrate is electron acceptor
incomplete denitrification N20 potent GHG

82
Q

Where do the greatest losses from applied N occur

A

well drained soils

83
Q

how do bacteria gain their food

A

make their own
scanvengers
host pathogens

84
Q

Pseudomonas syringe

A

type of bacteria that can infect a wide range of species
it exits as over 50 different path ovars

85
Q

possible lifecycle of bacteria

A

bacteria overwinters in dead plant material but doesn’t survive long in water or soil
rain splash speeds bacteria from infected leaves and debris
bacteria uses natural opening or injury to infect
entering the stomatal cell
diseases symptoms as bacteria colonise

86
Q

virus do they have all the characteristics of life

A

no

87
Q

Virus

A

sub microscopic entity consisting of single nucleic acid (RNA,DNA) surrounded by a protein coat
only capable of replication within the living cells of plants animals and bacteria
reproduce using the host machinery

88
Q

internal factors of plant regulation of growth

A

Photosynthesis
Photoperiod
transpiration
respiration

89
Q

limiting factors of growth for a plant

A

light
CO2
O2
Temperature
Water
Minerals

90
Q

What do plants that respond to daylight contain

A

Phytochrome C

90
Q

What do plants that respond to daylight contain

A

Phytochrome C

91
Q

O2 is required for

A

aerobic respiration, cell repair, reproduction, growth

92
Q

plant enzymes operate best at

A

25 Degrees
too low membranes not fluid affecting transporters
too high membranes disintegrate and plant dies

93
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer of cells like the skin of the root

94
Q

cortex (ground tissue)

A

tissue inside the epidermis that stores starch and other substances made out of parenchyma tissue

95
Q

vasculare tissues

A

Vascular tissue is comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main transport systems of plants. They typically occur together in vascular bundles in all plant organs, traversing roots, stems, and leaves. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upwards through the plant.

96
Q

Cortex

A

storage and defense

97
Q

endodermis

A

selective mineral uptake

98
Q

pericycle

A

lateral root formation

99
Q

casparian strip

A

band around the endodermis

100
Q

external root anatomy

A
  1. root cap
  2. region of cell division
  3. region of elongation
  4. region of differentiation or maturation
101
Q

ground meristem

A

the basic primary tissue of the growing tip of a stem/root excluding the epidermis and vascular bundles which gives rise to the cortex, rays and piths.

102
Q

apical meristem

A

found at the top of the root where new cells develop. it is covered by the root cap which protects it from damage passing through the coarse soil particles.

103
Q

Protoderm-
ground meristem-
procambium

A

forms the epidermis
forms the ground tissue/cortex
forms the primary phloem and xylem ( vascular bundle)

104
Q

Root cap

A

thimble shaped mass of parenchyma cells at the tip of each root
secrets mucigel ( provides and environment for bacteria and fungi which live in the rhizosphere)

105
Q

Meristem

A

pool of cell capable of dividing stem cells

106
Q

Stomata

A

dermal tissue complex from guard subsidiary cells that form openings
function gas exchange and water loss

107
Q

plasmodesmata

A

thin strings of cytoplasm that pass through between plant cells that allow for intercellular cell communication

108
Q

Fruiting bodies

A

modified hyphen that make asexual (mitotic) spores
Basida
sporangia
ascus

Botany (2 decks)

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