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botany Flashcards

1
Q

global population estimated

A

7.8 billion 9.7

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2
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesise nutrients from carbon dioxide and water

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3
Q

Photoperiodism

A

the response an organism has to the changes in day length

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4
Q

Transpiration

A

the action of releasing water through the stomata

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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

6CO2+ 6H20- C6H1206+6O2

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6
Q

respiration

A

C6H1206+6O2 6C02+6H20

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7
Q

regulations of plant growth and development

A

Light, CO2, O2, Temperature, Water

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8
Q

how many tonnes of carbon from atmosphere fixed annually through photosynthesis via stomatal pores in land plants and through oceans

A

200 billion

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9
Q

O2 required for aerobic respiration, cell repair, reproduction decrease in O2 <15% reproduction X <2.5% reproduction Y

A

X reduced, Y fails

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10
Q

anaerobic conditions in flooded soil can lead to o XXX

A

ethanol toxicity in plant roots

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11
Q

plant enzymes best operate at what temp ?

A

25 degrees

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12
Q

viscosity of water

A

the measure if resistance of fluid to deformation at a given rate

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13
Q

viscosity X as temperature increases

A

decreases

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14
Q

viscosity if H20 is 2X as great @ 0 degrees as at 25 degrees

A

True

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15
Q

leaf scorch may occur when

A

Early spring (when the soil is cold and the evaporating power of the atmosphere is high)

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16
Q

weed

A

any plant not intentionally sown or propagated by the grower that requires management to prevent it from interfering from crop of livestock production

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17
Q

what makes a plant a weed

A

wrong place
wrong time
yield loss through competition
reservoir for pest and disease

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18
Q

when did weeds come about

A

10,000 years ago ice age

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19
Q

when were row crops weeded by horses

A

1731

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20
Q

when were tractors introduced

A

1920

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21
Q

first herbicide when and name

A

1946 (2,4 D dicots)

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22
Q

first herbicide when and name

A

1946 (2,4 D dicots)

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23
Q

How many species of weeds

A

30,000

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24
Q

Annual eg

A

completes lifecycle in 1 season/year eg fat hen

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25
Q

ephemeral

A

completes more than one lifecycle in 1 season year hairy bittercress

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26
Q

Biennial

A

develops vegetatively in the first yr and then flowers and sets in the second year and dies ragwort

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27
Q

periennel

A

lives for three or more years dock

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28
Q

reasons for weed success

A

rapid seedling growth
ability to grow in unfavourable conditions
competition
high photosynthetic rate

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29
Q

agronomic characteristics of weeds

A

look similar to crops
mature at the same time
tolerance to herbicide
seeds remain viable in the soil for a long time

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30
Q

Allelopathy -

A

one organism produces biochemicals which influence the growth survival development and reproduction of another organism

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31
Q

weed dispersal characteristic

A

Prolific
water
wind
animals

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32
Q

ragwort toxic to who

A

Cattle, horses, deer, goats pigs and chickens

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33
Q

Creeping thistle

A

affects crop yields and causes grassland problems

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34
Q

Non native weeds

A

Japanese knotweed
giant rhubarb
giant hog weed

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35
Q

Root functions

A
  1. water uptake
  2. anchoring
  3. binding the soil together
  4. nutrient capture
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36
Q

Sporophytes

A

Plants that has spores

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37
Q

First structure to appear when a seed germinates

A

Primary root

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38
Q

roots that branch off the primary root

A

secondary root

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39
Q

storage roots

A

adapted to store products photosynthesised in the shoot

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40
Q

Air roots

A

roots grow above ground of water and allow O2 to be transported to the inner cortex of the root system and C02 escape from the root interior

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41
Q

buttress roots

A

vertical flattened roots that project out of the ground and lower trunk

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42
Q

Prop/silt roots

A

adventitious roots that develop on a trunk or lower branch that begin as aerial roots but eventually grow into a substrate of some time

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43
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Produces offspring by the fusion of egg and sperm genetically different parents

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44
Q

asexual reproduction

A

produced offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm. offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones)

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45
Q

X% pollination in biotic Y% is abiotic

A

80%. 20%

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46
Q

Self pollination

A

pollen from one flower pollinates the same flower of other flowers on the same plant wheat, barley, rye

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47
Q

Sexual reproduction produces what

A

Seeds

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48
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. variation
  2. adaptable to new environment
  3. reduced competition
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49
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. two parents
  2. fertilisation is random so harmful variations
  3. flowers and seeds energetically expensive
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50
Q

Advantages to asexual reproduction

A
  1. 1 parent plant
  2. rapid colonisation
  3. no genetic variation ( benefit in commercial horticulture)
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51
Q

Disadvantage to asexual reproduction

A
  1. increased competition
  2. cant adapt
  3. adverse conditions likely to affect all individuals
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52
Q

seed dormancy

A
  1. extremely low metabolic rate
  2. suspension of growth and development
  3. germination occurs when seedling is like to survive
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53
Q

Certified seed

A

seed that is handled so as to satisfactory maintain genetic identity and purity and that has been approved and certified by the certifying agency

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54
Q

seed storage

A

maintenance of high seed germination rate and vigour from harvest until planting

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55
Q

Prinicples of seed storage

A
  1. conditions dry and cool
  2. pest control
  3. proper sanitation in seed stores
  4. moisture limits
  5. store high quality seed only well cleaned treated
56
Q

natural selection

A

natural adjustment of genetic make up through generations over time .

57
Q

Genetic engineering

A

involves the created of recombinant DNA which is inserted into the genetic material of a cell or virus

58
Q

N2O

A

3rd most important long lived anthropogenic GHG

59
Q

Ammonia volatilisation

A

process of ammonia volatillization commonly takes place when nitrogen is in an organic form called urea. most likely to take place when soils are moist and warm and source of urea is on or near the soil surface . will also take place on alkaline soils (ph > than 8)

60
Q

role of S

A

protein - enzymes
S-S bonds link amino acids
Photosynthesis N fixation
Plant deficiency- chlorosis and stunted growth

61
Q

virus move through cell junctions called

A

plasmodesmata

62
Q

who spreads the Potatoe virus (PVY)

A

Aphids

63
Q

Stages off Zadoks scale development

A

1.tillering
stem extension
heading
4. ripening

64
Q

GS 31

A

first node detectable
key timing in crop management
-nutrient application
- growth regulator
-fungicide applied for control of fungal disease
- herbicide use to control weeds

65
Q

yield components in cereal crops

A

ears/m^2 x grains/ear x grain weight (mean 1,000 grain weights)

66
Q

non chemical control of weeds

A

topping
grazing
dense scar
avoid reintroduction on weed seeds in FYM

67
Q

10% Weed infestation =

A

10% loss in forage yield

68
Q

withdrawal of livestock after spraying

A

7-14 days

69
Q

cutting interval after spraying

A

1-4 weeks

70
Q

Pseudomonas syringae

A

infects a range of species

71
Q

market value for cut flowers and fresh foliage is around X billion annually

A

16

72
Q

shot hole disease on cherry laurel is a serious problem number of nursey stock with it

A

30%

73
Q

Procambium

A

meristematic tissue concerned with providing the primary vascular system

74
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane

75
Q

cell sap

A

Is the liquid inside the large central vacuole of a plant

76
Q

where do annuals thrive

A

frequently disturbed sites

77
Q

biennials where do they thrive

A

not tolerant of tillage
permanent pasture waterways roadside areas

78
Q

can prenennials regrow after removal of aboveground biomass?

A

yes

79
Q

chemical control spraying control

A

overall spraying
patch spraying
spot spraying

80
Q

thicker perennial stems what do they form
thinner ‘’ ‘’ ‘’

A

form conduits to distribute water and nutrients serve as stores and support above ground structures
thinner longer structures to absorb water and nutrients

81
Q

Monocotyledon

A

typically elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins
grasses
lilies
orchids

82
Q

Dicotyledon

A

TWO cotyledons
broad stalked leaves
net like vines
oaks
spinach
rose

83
Q

the root

A

is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil
typically develops from the radicle
growing downwards into the soil anchoring the plant and absorbing nutrients and moisture

84
Q

Adventitious roots

A

roots that arise from anything other than the radicle

85
Q

Apomixis

A

is asexual reproduction that produces seeds without the fusion of egg and sperm i.e it is clonal.
can occur in 2 ways :
embryo arises from an unfertilised egg cell
embryo is formed directly from some part of egg cell

86
Q

Sexual reproduction is good in what environment

A

unstable

87
Q

Seed germination

A

imbibition
serotiny- fire required to release seeds from plant
stratification - cold period to break dormancy( low metabolic rate, won’t germinate until it will survive, growth and development suspended)
Scarification- seed coat damaged
substantial rainfall- desert plants
dark (most seeds)
light (lettuce, celery)

88
Q

largest clonal colony fungi

A

blue mountains Oregon

89
Q

largest clonal colony- tree

A

Utah, 47,000-60,000 trees
roots- 80,000 years old

90
Q

agaves can sprout what within 5 hours

A

new roots

91
Q

coco de mer

A

mature fruit 15-30kg
requires 6-7 years to reach maturity
2 years to germinate

92
Q

why don’t plants freeze to death

A

bud protected by hairs , wax, pitch
sugar concentration lowers freezing point
alter lipids in membrane

93
Q

largest undivided leaf

A

giant ornamental rhubarb

94
Q

largest aquatic leaf

A

giant amazonian waterlily

95
Q

VOC

A

Volitile organic compounds

96
Q

worlds largest individual flower

A

stinking corpse lily

97
Q

worlds largest inflorescence

A

Talipot palm

98
Q

worlds smallest plant

A

wolffia spp

99
Q

xylem

A

carries the water taken in by the root hairs and epidermis UP the plant to the stems and leaves

100
Q

Phloem

A

carries food produced by the leaves DOWN to the roots to be stored in the cortex

101
Q

Endodermis

A

the inner boundary of the cortex: one cell layer thick controls the movement of water and minerals into the xylem and phloem

102
Q

pericycle

A

a layer found inside the endodermis which may produce lateral roots

103
Q

in contrast with the rests of the cortex the endodermis lacks X
cell walls contain SUBERIN in a band ( the Caspian strip)

A

air space

104
Q

Apical meristem

A

region of cells capable of division and great on the root and shoot
cells divide once or twice a day

105
Q

protoderm

A

a thin outer layer of the meristem in embryos and growing points of roots and stems which gives rise to epidermis

106
Q

Ground meristem

A

forms the ground tissue(cortex)

107
Q

Procambium

A

forms the primary phloem and xylem (vascular cylinder)

108
Q

Root hairs are X

A

Short lived and older parts of the roots are hairless

109
Q

Mucilage (Mucigel)

A

gelatine like substance secreted by root which allows organisms live underground

110
Q

Water potential is measured in

A

megapascals (MPa)

111
Q

water potential

A

is the measure of the tendency go theses molecules to diffuse to another area. the more free water molecules the higher the water potential

112
Q

Plasmolysis

A

it will exhibit shrinkage

113
Q

Turgid

A

swollen

114
Q

Active transport

A

water is absorbed due to activities going on in the roots. absorption of water occurs with the help of energy in the form of ATP. absorption takes place AGAINST concentration gradients. even when the conc of cell say is lower than that of water.

115
Q

Passve transport

A

passive absorption is by osmosis. takes place along the concentration gradients- when conc of cell sap is higher than that of soil water. water is absorbed when transpiration rate is high or soil is dry.

116
Q

root hairs

A

collectively provide enormous surface area
almost always turgid because their water potential is > than that of soil

117
Q

Apoplast route

A

movement through the cell WALLS and space between cells

118
Q

symplast route

A

a cytoplasm continuum between cells connected ny plasmodesmata

119
Q

Transmembrane route

A

membrane transport between cells and across the membrane of vacuoles within cells.

120
Q

Cortical cells

A

numerous interconnections both via cell walls and via plasmodesmata which link the protoplasm of each cell…

121
Q

Aquaporins

A

water Chanels that exist in the calomel and cell membrane
they speed up osmosis without changing the direction of water movement

122
Q

Mechanisms of water movement through Xylem

A

Transpiration Pull
it is the pulling force responsible for lifting the water column. As water is lost in form of water vapour to atmosphere from the mesophyll cells by transpiration, a negative hydrostatic pressure is created in the mesophyll cells which in turn draws water from veins of the leaves.

Cohesion Adhesion Forces;
the water molecules in the chain are held together by hydrogen bonds which exist between neighbouring water molecules ….

Root pressure
caused by active transport of mineral nutrient ions into the root xylem.

123
Q

factors affecting water absorption in plants

A

Soil Factors
water content
soil temp
soil aeration
flooding
texture and structure
speed of water movement
effective root zone

Atmospheric factors
temperature
relative humidity
Vapour pressure deficit ( VPD)
Wind speed

124
Q

Endophytes

A

bacteria or fungi that live within plants

125
Q

endophytes form what kind of relationships

A

beneficial symbiotic to parasitic

126
Q

beneficial associations with both bacteria and fungi

A

Mycorrhizae increase the effective surface area of the roots
bacteria can supply an available source of N to the plant (in exchange for carbohydrates )

127
Q

fungi and oomycetes reproduce

A

Asexually and sexually via spores zoospores

128
Q

fungi and oomycetes grow via

A

hyphae

129
Q

Fungi and Oomcyeyes are X closely related

A

fungi related to animals
oomyctes related to algae

130
Q

Cell wall

A

rigid layer composed of cellulose.
protects and provides structural support

131
Q

cell membrane

A

semi permeable helps in regulating what substances come in and out

132
Q

nucleus

A

vital part of the cell. contains DNA info for growth and division

133
Q

Vacuole

A

most of the cell surrounded by vacuole
support against pressure of cell wall stores toxins swell

134
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis protein factory

135
Q

mitochondria

A

breaks complex molecules down and provides energy powerhouse cell

136
Q

Ground tissue

A

parenchyma- thin walls photosynthesis in leaves and storage roots
collenchyma-shoot support
sclerenchyma -dead thick cells

137
Q

where are endophytic bacteria mostly found

A

above ground tissue (intercellular spaces xylem vessels)

Botany (2 decks)

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