REVISION QUESTIONS Flashcards
- Biosecurity concept, the main components and their application in poultry husbandry. Describe the narrower sense of the term (3 components), characterize the components in more detail and explain why they are needed.
-isolation:
>healthy from diseased
>minimize contact with diseased ones, which decreases outbreak probability
-restrictions, movement
-control:
>ppl, animals, vehicle, equipments and movement control to avoid diseases from spreading
>disinfection of equipments, vehicles etc
>also important that from outside ppl or vehicles are not bringing any diseases
-cleanliness:
>farm, equipment and personnel regular cleaning and disinfection to avoid possible diseases to spread
>washing hands
=avoid disease outbreaks
=protects public health
=animal health
=economical stability
- Cleaning and disinfecting a poultry house. Characterization of main steps and basic principles for choosing a suitable disinfectant.
- preparing: removal of birds, moving of materials and equipments
- dry cleaning : manure removal, swiping and surfaces clean
- washing: with water, soap, scrub, wash
- drying: air drying, ventilation
- disinfectant use: choose correct disinfectant and pour it, time of application
>active, safety, usage, compatibility
- Groups of medication used in poultry and poultry vaccination. General aims of vaccination. Medication and vaccine administration methods in poultry husbandry.
-ABs: bacterial infections and prevention; tetracyclines, macrolide >AB resistance
-antiparasitic treatment: internal parasites
-antifungal medicines: fungal infection; nystatine
-antiviral drugs: virus infections; amantadiini
-vitamins and mineral additives
-vaccinations
> aim of vaccines: prevention of diseases, profit improval, protection of humans (zoonoses)
> way of administration: oral-water, feed ; injections; eye drops; spray; nose spray; spraying
- Stress-related behavioural disorders:
stereotypy, hysteria and flying, cannibalism and its forms. Aetiology, signs and prevention of behavioural disorders.
-stereotypy: stereotypical behaviour is repeating, rhythmic and unpurposal acting; constant feather plugging, constant head clinching, going on circle
-hysteria and flying: can be due to fast sudden scary stimulus ex. noise, predators, also too crowded population can cause stress, also temperature etc if it is too high . signs: sudden and uncontrollable flying spurts > birds crash into walls etc. prevention: stress minimizing ex. calm environement
-cannibalism: birds peck each others-can lead to damage and even death. feather pecking, bleedings, wounds, and overall restlessness on her > feather peck, cloaca peck, toe peck;
>prevent: light, feed, environment, genetics
- Poultry internal diseases:
- vent prolapse (prolapsed oviduct),
- contact dermatitis and sternal bursitis,
- gout/uric acid poisoning.
Aetiology, clinical signs, control and prevention of the diseases.
- VENT PROLAPSE:
>underlying health issue or physical strain during egg laying
>protrusion of oviduct from cloaca+bleeding and inflammation
>provide proper nutrition, manage stress factors, adequate nesting - CONTACT DERMATITIS AND STERNAL BURSITIS:
>prolonged contact with wet bedding, ammonia or rough surfaces
>redness, swelling and inflammation of skin and breast area
>maintain clean and dry bedding, proper ventilation, avoid overcrowding - GOUT/URIC ACID POISONING:
>accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints and tissues > due to kidney dysfunction
>lameness, swollen joints and visceral gout > can lead to kidney damage and death
- Poultry deficiencies:
-rickets,
-exudative diathesis and muscular dystrophy,
-curled toe paralysis, and
-perosis.
Causes, epidemiology, clinical signs and control of poultry deficiencies.
-RICKETS:
>calcium deficiency
>more common young growing birds, especially those limited access to sunlight
>skeletal deformities, weak bones, lameness, poor growth
>balance diet: calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D, sunlight
-EXUDATIVE DIATHESIS AND MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:
>vitamin E and selenium deficiences
>various bird ages, more in areas low selenium
>fluid accumulate in body cavities, muscle weakness, and poor growth
>vitamin E supplement, balance diet, feed additives
-CURLED TOE PARALYSIS:
>B12-deficeincy
>young chicks, broilers, layers
>curled toes, weakness, difficulty to walk
>B12 riboflavin supplement proper diet balanced
-PEROSIS:
>biotin, manganese deficiences
>young and mature; more in fast-growing poultry breeds
>hock joint, abnormal gait, slipped tendons
>balance diet, manganese and biotin > management
- Mycotoxins in poultry fodder.
=are toxins produced by fungi
> alfatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins
> prevention: proper storage feed ingredients, control moisture levels (likes moist), regular testing
> effects: reduced feed intake, poor growth, immunosuppression, reproductive failures and organ damage
- Poultry mycoses:
- aspergillosis,
- aflatoxicosis,
- fusariotoxicoses.
Causes, epidemiology,
clinical signs and control of given diseases.
- ASPERGILLOSIS:
> INHALATION of spores of fungus Aspergillus-moldy feed or litter
>young or immunocompromised
>respiratory distress, gasping, coughing, weakness
>proper ventilation, avoid moldy feed, clean and dry envi - ALFATOXICOSIS:
>INGESTION of feed contaminated with alfatoxins
>grains stored improper warm and humid conditions
>reduced feed intake, poor growth, liver damage, hemorrhage and immunosuppression
>proper feed storage, regular testing, improve ventilation and good hygiene - FUSARIOTOXICOSES:
>INGESTION of feed contaminated with toxins; fusarium fungi
>grains infected
>reduced feed intake, poor growth, liver and kidney damage, reproductive disorders and immune suppression
>proper storage and handling of grains
- Respiratory viral diseases:
- bird flu (avian influenza),
-Newcastle disease,
-infectious
bronchitis,
-laryngotracheitis.
Pathogen, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological
findings, diagnosing, dif. diagnoses, control and prevention principles
-BIRD FLU (AI):
>avian influenza viruses subtype H5 and H7, orthomyxoviridae
>direct contact, fomites, aerosols
>resp.signs; sneeze cough, decr. egg prod, cyanosis of wattle, neurological signs, diarrhea
>necrotic lesions resp and GIT tract
>PCR, virus isolation, serological test
>new castle disease, infectious bronchitis
>biosecurirty, vaccination culling
-NEWCASTLE DISEASE (ND)
>avian paramyxovirus type 1
>direct, aerosols, fomites
>resp signs, nervous signs, green diarrhea, neurological signs
>hemorrhagic lesions in GIT
>PCR, virus isolation, serological test
>DDx: avian influenza, infectious bronchitis
>vaccination, strict biosecurity, culling
-INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS:
>avian coronavirus
>aerosols, direct contact
>resp signs, decr egg production
>renal damage, tracheal lesions
>PCR, virus isolation, serological
>avian influenza, new castle
>vaccination, biosecurity
-LARYNGOTRACHEITIS:
>Gallid HerpesVirus type 1 (GaHV-1)
>direct , aerosols
>resp signs, conjunctivitis
>hemorrhagic tracheitis
>PCR, virus isolation, serological
>avian influenza, infectious bronchitis
>vaccination, culling, biosecurity
- Nonrespiratory viral diseases:
-infectious bursal disease/Gumboro disease,
-avian
leukosis,
-infectious encephalomyelitis,
-Marek’s disease.
Pathogen, epidemiological characteristics, clinical signs, pathological findings, diagnosing, dif. diagnoses, control and prevention of the disease.
-INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE/GUMBORO DISEASE:
>birnavirus
>young, bursa Fabricius-cause immunosuppression
>2ndary infections: diarrhea, mortality
>atrophy of bursa Fabricius
>PCR, virus isolation, histopathology
>Avian leucosis, Marek’s disease> vaccination, biosecurity
-AVIAN LEUCOSIS
>retrovirus
>vertical or horizontal
>weght loss, anemia, tumors
>tumors organs; liver, spleen
>ELISA ,PCR, histopathology
>Mareks’s disease, lymphoid leukosis
>culling, testing, bios
-INFECTIOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
>picornavirus
>young
>depression, ataxia,tremors
>inflammation and necrosis in brain and spinal cord
>PCR, virus isolation, histopathology
>Marek’s disease, Newcastle disease
>vaccination, bios
-MAREK’S DISEASE
>alphaherpesvirus
>young
>tumors, paralysis, immunosuppression>tumors in nerves, visceral organs, tissues
>PCR, histopathology. serology
>Avian leukosis, lymphoid leukosis
>vaccination, bios, sanitation
- Respiratory bacterial diseases:
-pasteurellosis/fowl cholera,
-chlamydiosis – ornithosis/psittacosis,
-ORT infection,
-respiratory mycoplasmosis.
Pathogen, epidemiological characteristics, clinical signs, pathological findings, differential diagnoses, control and prevention principles.
-PASTEURELLOSIS/FOWL CHOLERA:
>pasteurella multocisa
>direct or fomites
>domestic and wild birds
>resp distress, swollen wattles, cyanosis, diarrhea, sudden death
>fibrinous pneumonia, necrotic liver and spleen
>avian influenza, Newcastle disease
>AB, bios, sanitation
-CHLAMYDIOSIS-ORNITHOSIS/PSITTACOSIS:
>chlamydia psittaci
>zoonotic! inhalation, direct
>resp sign, green diarrhea, fever
>hepatic necrosis
>avian influenza
>AB, quarantine, disinfectants, proper ventilation
-ORT INFECTION:
>ornithobacterium rhitracheale
>turkeys, chickens>horizontal and vertical
>resp signs, swollen sinuses, reduced egg production
>traceitis
>infectious bronchitis
>AB, bios
-RESPIRATORY MYCOPLASMOSIS:
>mycoplasma gallisepticum
>horizontal and vertical
>resp signs; cough L; conjunctivitis
>infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis
>AB, bios, sanitation
- Nonrespiratory bacterial diseases:
-pullorum disease and fowl typhoid,
-zoonotic salmonelloses (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis),
-clostridioses.
Pathogen, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological findings, diagnosing, monitoring (salmonelloses) control and prevention. Zoonotic importance/relevance of the disease.
-PULLORUM DISEASE AND FOWL TYPHOID:
>salmonella ullorum
>chickens
>contaminated eggs, feces
>ruffled feather, diarrhea, decr. egg prod
>hepatitis
>culture PCR
>test and cull, vaccine
-ZOONOTIC SALMONELLOSES
>various salmonella serotypes
>poultry products; egg, meat , direct
>GIT, fever
> culture, PCR
>test
>HYGIENE AND handling raw product strict
-CLOSTRIDIOSES:
>clostridium species
>GIT in birds - stress environment found this
>necrotic enteritis
>necoriss intestinal mucosa
>clinical sing,s ,PCR, culture
>sanitation, hygiene
- Parasitic infestations in chicken:
-ascaridiosis and heterakiosis,
-coccidiosis,
-external parasites.
Aetiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological findings, laboratory diagnosing and control of the disease.
-ASCARIDIOSIS AND HETERAKIOSIS:
>roundworms ascaridia galli
>poor sanitation, ingestion infective feed etc
>poor growth, decr. egg prod, diarrhea
>damage GIT
>fecal sample
>sanitation
-COCCIDIOSIS:
>protozoan genus Eimeria
>overcrowding, poor hygiene : OOCYSTS in feces
>bloody diarrhea, dehydration, weakness
>intestinal lesions, hemorrhage
>fecal sample
>hygiene and sanitation, anticoccidial meds
-EXTERNAL PARASITES
>mites, live, fleas
>feather loss, skin irritation, decrease egg prod
>skin lesions, feather damage
>visual identification or eggs under microscope
>meds, clean, disinfect
