EXAM

Question 1

*⁠ ⁠table with factors and disease

Question 2

*⁠ ⁠2 tests and 4 samples to take for clostridium infection

Question 3

*⁠ ⁠how are pigs involved in avian flu transmission to humans and what are the effects on human health?

Question 4

*⁠ ⁠two pictures (cyanosis of wattles and comb, and enteritis??)- three ddx

Question 5

*⁠ ⁠transmission of ORT (describe)

Question 6

*⁠ ⁠connect steps of cleaning/disinfection with the description

Question 7

*⁠ ⁠symptoms and postmortem lesions of classical Marek (2 for each)

Question 8

*⁠ ⁠table to connect postmortem or clinical signs with the disease

Question 9

Avian influenza virus strains are divided into virus strains

Answer 9

3. velogenic and mesogenic

Question 10

LPAI strains cause … symptoms and a decrease in egg production, while HPAI strains cause… symptoms and high mortality

Answer 10

5. low and highly pathogenic

Question 11

vaccination against avian influenza is in the European Union

Answer 11

1. prohibited

Question 12

people usually get the infection

Answer 12

8. from domestic birds

Question 13

based on clinical signs, it is not possible to distinguish avian influenza from

Answer 13

9. Newcastle disease

Question 14

THE virus can be detected in the organism

Answer 14

2. from respiratory tract secretions

Question 15

Answer 15

-clinical sign:
> neurological signs; extended neck, uncontrollable legs, paralysis

-DDx:
>Avian influenza
>New Castle disease (ND)
>Salmonellosis

Question 16

Answer 16

-pathological findings:
>liver: spotty, nodular

-DDx:
> Marek’s disease (MD)
> Avian leucosis
> Colicobacteriosis
> Ascaridiosis
> Quail bronchitis (rare)

Question 17

clinical signs associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens are

Answer 17

-diarrhea
-inappetite
-wekaness and lethargy
-weight loss

Question 18

causes of cloacal prolapse and possible preventive measures

Answer 18

-causes:
>excessive egg-laying
>improper diet

-prevention:
>balanced diet
>controlled laying

(reduce stress!!-noise, humidity, temperature)

Question 19

pathological finding to > disease

Answer 19

1. skin inflammation, feather loss, anemia, death > PSITTACOSIS
2. possible encephalitis, enteritis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia or poly arthritis > INFECTION FROM CHICKEN MITES
3. nodular liver with varying sizes and fat structures > AVIAN LEUCOSIS
4. bruising on the legs, shanks, and internal organs > NEWCASTLE DISEASE
5. localized purulent inflammations in multiple organs > PASTEURELLOSIS
6. enlarged and hemorrhagic cecal tonsils > AVIAN INFECTIOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
7. neurodegeneration of brain tissue > AVIAN INFLUENZA
8. cecum filled with cheese-like exudate > AVIAN PARATYPHOID

Question 20

Describe possible clinical signs (at least 3) and possible preventive measures (at least 3) related to PARATYPHOID INFECTION in domestic birds

Answer 20

-clinical signs:
>diarrhea: watery or bloody
>weakness and lethargy: birds weak, inactive and tired
>weight loss and loss of appetite: birds rapidly loose weight and refuse to eat

-preventive measures:
>good hygiene: poultry houses clean, remove manure regularly, disinfect facilities
>quarantine: new or sick birds isolated until it is confirmed they are not carriers of infection
>vaccination: use vaccines

Question 21

False or true about New Castle disease vaccination (2 vikaa väärin)

Answer 21

-only those herds with over 100 birds are vaccinated > TRUE

-birds can also be vaccinated during laying period > TRUE

-the success of vaccination is assessed through monitoring tests > TRUE

-only healthy birds are allowed to be vaccinated > TRUE

!-the previous vaccination program’s cleansing is not necessary > FALSE

!-Vaccination is not mandatory in Estonia > FALSE

Question 22

explain in you’re own words the species susceptible to Marek’s disease, the spread of infection and transmission

Answer 22

-susceptible:
>poultry - especially chickens and turkeys

-spread of infection:
>respiration: aerosols, inhalation
>infection spreads via secretions of infected birds : SALIVA, BLOOD, FECES
>contact and contaminated environemnt (fomites)
>infection can be present in poultry house dust

-transmission:
>airborne transmission, direct contact with infected birds
>fomites
>environment: feed, water, soil
>transmission via poutry house dust containing the virus
>via infected eggs

Question 23

Match pathogens and hazards with numbers. Note that some pathogens are left unpaired.

Answer 23

-pullorum:
>6. Salmonella pullorum

-ornithosis:
>10. Chlamydia psittaci

-infectious bronchitis of birds:
>5. Coronaviridae family virus

-Marek’s disease:
>7. Mardivirus, Herpesviridae family

-Necrotic enteritis:
>9. Clostridium perfringens

-infectious burial disease of birds:
>3. Avibirnavirus genus virus

-cecal coccidiosis:
>2. Eimeria tenella

-ornithobacteriosis:
>4. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

Question 24

in relation to biosecurity, explain what sanitation is and why it is necessary

Answer 24

1. sanitation:
   >process maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in order to prevent the spread of disease-causing agents
2. purpose:
   >necessary to eliminate or reduce presence of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, from environment
   >helps to prevent transmission of diseases among humans, animals and plants
   >promote overall health and well-being by creating safer and healthier living conditions