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xRandom > Revision of PNS - Theory > Flashcards

Revision of PNS - Theory Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two kinds of neurones?

A

multipolar - more common

unipolar

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2
Q

what are characteristics of multipolar neurones?

A

2 or more dendrites
all motor neurones of skeletal muscle and ANS
cell body in CNS

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3
Q

what are characteristics of unipolar neurones?

A

double process
sensory neurone
cell body in PNS

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4
Q

how many pairs are there of all the different spinal nerves?

A 
8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
1 coccygeal
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5
Q

where are spinal nerves found?

A

intervertebral foramina

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6
Q

what do spinal nerves connect with?

A

structures of the soma via rami

the spinal cord segment of the same number via roots and rootlets

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7
Q

what is difference between anterior and posterior rami?

A

posterior = smaller, on posterior body wall

anterior = larger, on anterolateral body wall

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8
Q

what is the course of all sensory axons?

A

pass from the spinal nerve into posterior root
then into posterior rootlets
then into posterior horn of spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the course of all motor axons?

A

pass from anterior horn of spinal cord
into anterior rootlets
then into anterior root
then into spinal nerve

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10
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from single spinal nerve

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11
Q

what is a myotome?

A

the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve

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12
Q

what does a large area of numbness suggest?

A

at least 2 or 3 spinal nerves damaged

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13
Q

what is the dermatomal segments of:

a) nipple?
b) umbilicus?
c) posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?
d) upper limb?
e) lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?

A

a) T4
b) T10
c) C2-C4
d) C5-T1
e) L2-Co

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14
Q

what is a nerve plexus?

A

intermingled anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

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15
Q

what is the nerve roots of the following and what do they supply:

a) cervical plexus?
b) brachial plexus?
c) lumbar plexus?
d) sarcral plexus?

A

a) C1-C4 - posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm
b) C5-T1 - upper limb
c) L1-L4 - lower limb
d) L5 - S4 - lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

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16
Q

what is the course of sympathetic outflow?

A

control centres in brain
passes down spinal cord
leaves spinal cord through T1 to L2
take 1 of 4 roots

17
Q

what 4 routes can sympathetic outflow take?

A

ascend then synapse

synapse at level of entry

descend then synapse

pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsing to enter an abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve

18
Q

what is the course of sympathetic outflow to heart?

A

presynaptic axons synapse in T1 or paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain)

postsynaptic axons pass in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to SA and AV nodes and myocardium

19
Q

what is course of sympathetic outflow to lungs?

A

presynaptic axons synapse in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

postsynaptic axons pass in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to bronchial smooth muscle and mucous glands

20
Q

what is course of sympathetic outflow to abdominopelvic organs?

A

presynaptic axons synapse in one of the prevertebral ganglia

  • celiac ganglion of celiac plexus (foregut)
  • aorticorneal ganglion (kidney)
  • superior mesenteric ganglion of SM plexus (midgut)
  • inferior mesenteric ganglion of IM plexus (hindgut and pelvic organs)
21
Q

what is the course of sympathetic outflow to adrenal medulla?

A

presynaptic axons pass through aorticocorenal ganglion to synapse directly onto the adrenaline / noradrenaline secreting cells of adrenal mucosa

22
Q

presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave CNS via what?

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X

as well as sacral spinal nerves

23
Q

what do they travel via?

A

ciliary ganglion - eye

parasympathetic ganglia in head - lacrimal gland and salivary gland

vagus nerve - organs of neck, chest and abdomen as far as mid-gut

sacral spinal nerves - hindgut, pelvis and perineum

24
Q

what is symptoms of horners syndrome?

A

miosis
ptosis
reduced sweating (anhydrosis)
increased warmth and redness

25
Q

what causes horners syndrome?

A

impaired sympathetic innervation to head and neck

  • root of neck trauma
  • carotid dissection
  • IVJ engorgement
  • deep cervical node metastases
  • pancoast tumour (lung apex)

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