Nervous System Overview - Theory

Question 1

what does CNS consist of?

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what does PNS consist of?

Answer 2

12 pair of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their branches

Question 3

what does the following embryonic secondary vesicles become in mature brain?

a) telencephalon
b) diencephalon
c) mesenchephalon
d) metencephalon
e) muelencephalon

Answer 3

a) cerebral hemispheres
b) thalamus, hypothalamus
c) midbrain
d) pons, cerebellum
e) medulla oblongata

Question 4

every signal in brain has to pass through midbrain except from what?

Answer 4

smell (frontal lobe) and visual

Question 5

what is the role of neurons?

Answer 5

receive information, chiefly via synapses, integrate information and then transmit electrical impulses to another neuron or effector cell

Question 6

what does cell body of neurone contain?

Answer 6

nucleus and cellular apparatus

Question 7

how many dendrites will neurone have and how many axons?

Answer 7

multiple dendrites

one axon

Question 8

what are glial cells?

Answer 8

glue cells - hold bran together and gives it structural integrity

Question 9

how many types of glial cells are there and what are they called?

Answer 9

four

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

Question 10

what do astrocytes do?

Answer 10

star shaped - maintain blood-brain barrier and environmental homeostasis

no connective tissue in CNS

Question 11

what do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 11

produce myelin in CNS - not in PNS

Question 12

what do microglia do?

Answer 12

immune monitoring and antigen presentation

from hemopoietic origin

Question 13

what do ependymal cells do?

Answer 13

ciliated cuboidal / columnar epithelium which lines ventricles

Question 14

what is difference between fissure and sculus?

Answer 14

fissure is deeper

Question 15

what does white matter contain?

Answer 15

axons and their support cells

Question 16

whatdoes grey matter contain?

Answer 16

huge numbers of neurones, cell processes, synapses and support cells

Question 17

what is another name for large lateral fissure?

Answer 17

sylvian fissure

Question 18

what is so special about central sculus on lateral aspect of brain?

Answer 18

first one to develop, separates frontal and parietal lobe

Question 19

what is calcarine sculus important for?

Answer 19

visual cortex

Question 20

what is collective name for midbrain, pons and medulla?

Answer 20

brainstem

Question 21

what is role of corpus callosum?

Answer 21

communication between left and right hemispheres

Question 22

what does pineal gland secrete?

Answer 22

melatonin

Question 23

where is frontal lobe located laterally?

Answer 23

large lobe anterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus

Question 24

where is the frontal lobe located medially?

Answer 24

lobe anterior to line drawn from central sculus down to corpus callosum

Question 25

where is the parietal lobe located laterally?

Answer 25

posterior to central sulcus

superior to lateral sulcus (and backward extension of it)

anterior to a line from parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch

Question 26

where is parietal lobe located medially?

Answer 26

posterior to frontal lobe and anterior to parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 27

where is occipital lobe located laterally?

Answer 27

posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch

Question 28

where is occipital lobe located medially?

Answer 28

posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus?

Question 29

where is the temporal lobe located laterally?

Answer 29

inferior to lateral sulcus and anterior to parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 30

where is temporal lobe located medially?

Answer 30

it extends from temporal lobe to a line drawn between preoccipital notch and anterior end of calcarine sulcus

Question 31

what is the name of the hidden lobe and what is its role?

Answer 31

insular lobe

important in patients experience of pain

Question 32

what are the 3 layers of the brain covering (meninges)?

Answer 32

dura mater

arachnoid mater - contains vasculature

pia matter

Question 33

what is between arachnoid mater and pia mater?

Answer 33

subarachnoid space - contains CSF

Question 34

how is the subarachnoid space created?

Answer 34

arachnoid sits over bumps and indentations

pila goes in and out every one

Question 35

what connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle?

Answer 35

cerebral aqueduct

Question 36

what connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle?

Answer 36

interventricular foramen

Question 37

what connects fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space?

Answer 37

medial aperature or two lateral aperatures

Question 38

what connects subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus?

Answer 38

arachnoid villi (granulations)

Question 39

where is neurones largely found in the enteric nervous system?

Answer 39

found in two plexuses in walls of gut (myenteric plexus between outer layers of smooth muscle, submucosal plexus in submucosa)

Question 40

what are the two arterial systems in brain?

Answer 40

vertebro-basilar system (vertebral arteries -> basilar artery -> posterior cerebral arteries)

internal carotid system (internal carotids -> middle / anterior cerebral arteries)

Question 41

what do the two arterial systems come together to form?

Answer 41

circle of willis

Question 42

where does blood from brain drain?

Answer 42

system of dural venous sinuses

eg cavernous sinuses and intercavernous sinuses

Question 43

where do these dural venous sinuses drain into?

Answer 43

internal jugular vein