Nervous System Overview - Theory Flashcards
what does CNS consist of?
brain and spinal cord
what does PNS consist of?
12 pair of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their branches
what does the following embryonic secondary vesicles become in mature brain?
a) telencephalon
b) diencephalon
c) mesenchephalon
d) metencephalon
e) muelencephalon
a) cerebral hemispheres
b) thalamus, hypothalamus
c) midbrain
d) pons, cerebellum
e) medulla oblongata
every signal in brain has to pass through midbrain except from what?
smell (frontal lobe) and visual
what is the role of neurons?
receive information, chiefly via synapses, integrate information and then transmit electrical impulses to another neuron or effector cell
what does cell body of neurone contain?
nucleus and cellular apparatus
how many dendrites will neurone have and how many axons?
multiple dendrites
one axon
what are glial cells?
glue cells - hold bran together and gives it structural integrity
how many types of glial cells are there and what are they called?
four
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
what do astrocytes do?
star shaped - maintain blood-brain barrier and environmental homeostasis
no connective tissue in CNS
what do oligodendrocytes do?
produce myelin in CNS - not in PNS
what do microglia do?
immune monitoring and antigen presentation
from hemopoietic origin
what do ependymal cells do?
ciliated cuboidal / columnar epithelium which lines ventricles
what is difference between fissure and sculus?
fissure is deeper
what does white matter contain?
axons and their support cells
whatdoes grey matter contain?
huge numbers of neurones, cell processes, synapses and support cells
what is another name for large lateral fissure?
sylvian fissure
what is so special about central sculus on lateral aspect of brain?
first one to develop, separates frontal and parietal lobe
what is calcarine sculus important for?
visual cortex
what is collective name for midbrain, pons and medulla?
brainstem
what is role of corpus callosum?
communication between left and right hemispheres
what does pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
where is frontal lobe located laterally?
large lobe anterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus
where is the frontal lobe located medially?
lobe anterior to line drawn from central sculus down to corpus callosum
where is the parietal lobe located laterally?
posterior to central sulcus
superior to lateral sulcus (and backward extension of it)
anterior to a line from parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch
where is parietal lobe located medially?
posterior to frontal lobe and anterior to parieto-occipital sulcus
where is occipital lobe located laterally?
posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch
where is occipital lobe located medially?
posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus?
where is the temporal lobe located laterally?
inferior to lateral sulcus and anterior to parieto-occipital sulcus
where is temporal lobe located medially?
it extends from temporal lobe to a line drawn between preoccipital notch and anterior end of calcarine sulcus
what is the name of the hidden lobe and what is its role?
insular lobe
important in patients experience of pain
what are the 3 layers of the brain covering (meninges)?
dura mater
arachnoid mater - contains vasculature
pia matter
what is between arachnoid mater and pia mater?
subarachnoid space - contains CSF
how is the subarachnoid space created?
arachnoid sits over bumps and indentations
pila goes in and out every one
what connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle?
cerebral aqueduct
what connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle?
interventricular foramen
what connects fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space?
medial aperature or two lateral aperatures
what connects subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus?
arachnoid villi (granulations)
where is neurones largely found in the enteric nervous system?
found in two plexuses in walls of gut (myenteric plexus between outer layers of smooth muscle, submucosal plexus in submucosa)
what are the two arterial systems in brain?
vertebro-basilar system (vertebral arteries -> basilar artery -> posterior cerebral arteries)
internal carotid system (internal carotids -> middle / anterior cerebral arteries)
what do the two arterial systems come together to form?
circle of willis
where does blood from brain drain?
system of dural venous sinuses
eg cavernous sinuses and intercavernous sinuses
where do these dural venous sinuses drain into?
internal jugular vein
