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Biology Unit 1 ☁️ > Revision of organelles, structure and functions > Flashcards

Revision of organelles, structure and functions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the structure of the cytoplasm?

A

no structure - fluid cytosol contains dissolved substances and enzymes

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2
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

site of cell reactions e.g anaerobic respiration

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3
Q

what cells is the cytoplasm present in?

A

animal, plant and bacteria

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4
Q

what is the structure of the plasma/cell membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded.

carbohydrates on extra cellular surface

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5
Q

what is the function of the plasma/cell membrane?

A

selectively permeable barrier between the internal and external environment.

cell recognition in eukaryotes (animal and plant cells)

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6
Q

what cells is the plasma/cell membrane present in?

A

animal, plant and bacteria

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7
Q

what is the structure of the cellulose cell wall?

A

don’t need to know this for test but fill in after

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8
Q

what is the function of the cellulose cell wall?

A

supports and protects the cell.

provides pressure potential to resist osmotic lysis.

permeable to substances e.g. gaps in cellulose fibres allow water and dissolved molecules through (app-last pathway). and pores in cell wall strands of cytoplasm called plasmodesmata pass through (symplast pathway)

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9
Q

what cells is the cellulose cell wall present in?

A

just plant cell

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10
Q

what is the structure of the peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

don’t need to know for test but fill in later

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11
Q

what is the function of the peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

maintains cell shape.

provides pressure potential to resist osmotic lysis.

protection from toxic compounds.

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12
Q

what cells is the peptidoglycan cell wall present in?

A

just bacteria cells.

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13
Q

what is the structure of plasmodesmata?

A

channels of cytoplasm that pass between cells and through cell walls.

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14
Q

what is the function of plasmodesmata?

A

substances diffuse between cells without having to cross cell membranes or cell walls.

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15
Q

what cells is plasmodesmata present in?

A

only plant cells.

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16
Q

what is the structure of the capsule?

A

additional later of carbohydrates.

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17
Q

what is the function of the capsule?

A

protection against immune systems.

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18
Q

what type of cells is the capsule present in?

A

only bacteria cells.

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19
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A

surrounded by 2 membranes that form the nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds it.

nucleoplasm contains chromatin, made of DNA and histone proteins, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

contains one or more nucleolus.

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20
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

linear DNA carries the genetic code to make polypeptides (proteins).

the nucleolus makes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.

nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope enable mRNA to leave the nucleus.

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21
Q

what cells are the nucleus present in?

A

animal and plant cells.

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22
Q

what is the structure of circular DNA?

A

free in the cytoplasm.

nucleoid is the main DNA molecule.

plasmids carry additional genes.

not associated with histone proteins.

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23
Q

what is the function of the circular DNA?

A

nucleoid DNA carries the genetic code.

plasmid DNA carries the genetic code for additional genes e.g. antibiotic resistance and can be transferred between bacteria

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24
Q

what cells is the circular DNA present in?

A

bacteria only.

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25
Q

what is the structure of the centrioles?

A

each made from 9 sets of 3 microtubules.

a pair is called a centrosome.

identical to the basal body of flagellum/cilium.

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26
Q

what is the function of centrioles?

A

centrioles produce and organise spindle fibres that control cell division.

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27
Q

what cells are the centrioles present in?

A

animal and plant cells.

28
Q

what is the structure of flagella?

A

made of 9 sets of 3 microtubules.

29
Q

what is the function of flagella?

A

moves cell.

30
Q

what cells is flagellum present in?

A

animal cells - only in sperm cells
bacteria cells - only in some not all

31
Q

what is the structure of cilium?

A

shorter but made of 9 sets of 3 microtubules.

32
Q

what is the function of cilium?

A

move liquids over cell surface.

33
Q

what cells is cilium present in?

A

only animal cells.

34
Q

what is the structure of pili?

A

hair like on cell surface.

35
Q

what is the function on pili?

A

movement and adherence to surfaces.

36
Q

what cells is pili present in?

A

only bacteria cells.

37
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria?

A

double membrane.

inner membrane folded to form cristae that increases surface area for enzyme attachment.

fluid filled matrix contains:
circle of DNA
70S ribosomes
lipids and proteins

cylindrical shape

38
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

makes ATP during aerobic respiration.

DNA and 70S ribosomes enable synthesis of own polypeptides and self replication.

cylinders have larger surface areas and shorter diffusion distances from edge to centre, increasing respiration efficiency.

39
Q

what cells is the mitochondria present in?

A

animal and plant cells.

40
Q

what is the structure of the mesosome?

A

infolding of plasma membrane which increases surface area for enzyme attachment.

41
Q

what is the function of the mesosome?

A

makes ATP during respiration.

Increases rate of absorption of nutrients and excretion of waste.

42
Q

what cells is the mesosome present in?

A

only bacteria cells.

43
Q

what is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

series of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae joined at some points to the nuclear envelope.

can also be joined to the RER.

no ribosomes attached.

44
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesises and transports lipids.

ends pinch off to form transport vesicles containing lipids.

45
Q

what cells is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum present in?

A

animal and plant cells.

46
Q

what is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae joined at some points to the nuclear envelope.

ribosomes are attached to outer surface.

47
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

ribosomes synthesise polypeptides (proteins).

Transports polypeptides by cisternae to the Golgi body.

ends punch off to form transport vesicles containing polypeptides which fuse to form Golgi bodies.

48
Q

what is the structure of the 80S ribosomes?

A

larger

can be free in cytoplasm or attached to RER

made of rRNA and protein

2 subunits and contain an enzyme.

49
Q

what cells is the rough endoplasmic reticulum present in?

A

animal and plant cells.

50
Q

what is the function of the 80S ribosomes?

A

synthesise polypeptides during translation.

51
Q

what cells are the 80S ribosomes present in?

A

animal and plant cells.

52
Q

what is the structure of 70S ribosomes?

A

smaller

free in cytoplasm

made of rRNA and protein

2 subunits and contain an enzyme.

53
Q

what is the function of a 70S ribosome?

A

synthesise polypeptides during translation.

54
Q

what cells are the 70S ribosomes in?

A

bacteria cells only.

55
Q

what is the structure of the Golgi body?

A

series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae.

cisternae formed by fusion of transport vesicles from the RER.

56
Q

what is the function of the Golgi body?

A

modifies and processes polypeptides.
- addition of carbohydrates into glycoproteins.
- addition of phosphates into phosphoproteins.

packages proteins into:
- secretory vesicles (release contents via exocytosis)

  • lysosomes, (small single-membrane bound vacuoles pinched off from Golgi body containing lysozyme enzyme) which release contents into vesicles to digest their contents, e.g. foreign material engulfed by phagocytosis.

transports and stores lipids.

57
Q

what cells is the golgi body present in?

A

animal and plant cells.

58
Q

what is the structure of the large permanent vacuole?

A

fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

59
Q

what is the function of the large permanent vacuole?

A

stores water, nutrients and wastes within sap.

when turgid, the vacuole pushes against the cytoplasm, which pushes against the cell membrane (turgor pressure) to maintain the cell shape.

60
Q

in what cells is the large permanent vacuole present in?

A

only plant cells.

61
Q

what is the structure of the chloroplast?

A

double membrane

membrane bound sacs inside form thylakoids which stack to form grant. Thylakoids contain green pigment chlorophyll.

fluid fulled stroma contains:
- starch grains may be present.
- circle of DNA.
- 70S ribosomes.

62
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast?

A

chlorophyll absorbs light energy.

carry out photosynthesis to make glucose:
- for energy in respiration
- store as starch and oils
- make cellulose
- transform into proteins using nitrogen
- transform sucrose for transport through phloem.

63
Q

what cells contain the chloroplast?

A

only plant cells.

64
Q

what organelles work together to carry out cell division?

A

nucleus, centrioles, cell membrane

65
Q

what organelles work together to carry out protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, Golgi body, nucleus.

66
Q

what organelles work together to digest ingested pathogens?

A

cell membrane, phagocytic vesicle, lysosomes.

Biology Unit 1 ☁️ (7 decks)

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