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Biology Unit 1 ☁️ > 1.2 Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

1.2 Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

define eukaryotic cell.

A

A type of cell that contains a nucleus along with membrane bound organelles.

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2
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria.

A

Surrounded by a double membrane (mitochondrial envelope)
folded in a membrane forms cristae (large surface area)
fluid matrix contains mitochondrial DNA, respiratory enzymes, lipids, and proteins. (enzymes for respiration)

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3
Q

describe the function of mitochondria.

A

site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP

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4
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

series of flattened membrane bound sacs (cisternae) within the cytoplasm, continuous with the nucleus envelope

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5
Q

describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

membrane bound sacs - producing and processing lipids (lipid synthesis)

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6
Q

describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

A

many ribosomes attached for protein synthesis and transport
(it folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes).

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7
Q

describe the structure of the Golgi body.

A

planar stack of membrane bound, flattened sacks.
cis face aligns with RER
Molecules are processed in cisternae
Vesicles leave via trans faced by exocytosis

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8
Q

describe the function of the Golgi body apparatus.

A

modifies and packages proteins for export
Synthesis glycoproteins
Produces secreting enzymes
Transporting - storing lipids

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9
Q

describe the function of ribosomes.

A

site of protein synthesis production
Large sub unit joins amino acids
Small subunit reads rRNA

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10
Q

describe the structure of ribosomes

A

made from rRNA and proteins
found free in the cytoplasm or associated with the RER

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11
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes.

A

fluid-filled vesicles surrounded by a single membrane containing enzymes

Role in phagocytosis digesting unwanted materials in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

describe the structure of centrioles.

A

cylindrical structure
Organised into microtubules in a 9+0 pattern
found in pairs in the centrosomes.

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13
Q

describe the function of centrioles.

A

Migrate to oppose poles of the cell during prophase.
Involved in the organisation of spindle fibres.

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14
Q

describe the structure of a chloroplast.

A

Disk shaped surrounded by double membrane.

Thylakoids - flattened disks stacked to form grana.

Grana - contain photosystems with chlorophyll.

Intergranal lamellae - tubes attach thylakoids in adjacent grana.

Stroma - fluid-filled matrix.

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15
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast.

A

site of photosynthesis.

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16
Q

describe the structure of the permanent vacuole in plants.

A

surrounded by a single membrane called tonoplast.
Contains cell sap (mineral ions, water, enzymes, soluble pigments)

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17
Q

describe the function of the permanent vacuole in plants.

A

controls turgor pressure
water storage
isolates harmful waste products
maintains pH

18
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope which is semi permeable and double membraned.
nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit.
Dense nucleolus (made of RNA and proteins) assembles ribosomes which is the site of ribosome production.

19
Q

describe the function of the nucleus.

A

contains DNA coiled around the chromatin into chromosomes.
coordinates cellular activities.

20
Q

what is chromatin?

A

a DNA protein complex found in eukaryotic cells.
The DNA coils bound to protein which codes for protein synthesis.

21
Q

excluding the envelope, name 2 other things that surround the nucleus.

A

chromatin and a nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production (assembles the cells ribosomes)

22
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus.

A

production of rRNA and ribosomes.

23
Q

what is the structure and function of the nuclear envelope?

A

a double membrane with pores that allows mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus.

24
Q

define plasmodesmata

A

microscopic channels between plant cell walls that facilitate communication and symplastic transport.

25
Q

define prokaryotic cell

A

a type of cell that doesn’t contain any membrane-bound organelles or a ‘true’ nucleus

26
Q

describe the structure and function of the flagella in prokaryotic cells.

A

A type of cell that doesn’t contain any membrane-bound organelles or a ‘true’ nucleus.

long whip-like structure which rotates to move the cell.

sensory organ

27
Q

how is genetic information stored in prokaryotes?

A

plasmids - small rings of DNA that carry non-essential genes, exchanged between bacterial cells via conjugation.

Loop of DNA - circular DNA stored in the nucleoid region of the cell.

28
Q

describe the structure and function of pili in prokaryotic cells.

A

Half like microfibres made of pilin that extend through the cell wall.
Enable the attachment of bacteria to each other and to other surfaces.

29
Q

describe the structure and function of the mesosome.

A

It is the infolds of the cell membrane.
increase surface area of the cell, aiding cellular respiration.

30
Q

what is the function of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?

A

Protective, slimy layer
Helps the cell to retain moisture and adhere to other surfaces.

31
Q

which organelles are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

cell membrane

cytoplasm with a form of cytoskeleton (cytoskeleton of eukaryotes is more significant)

ribosomes

32
Q

name 4 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes
DNA in nucleus/DNA free in cytoplasm
Ribosomes 80s/Ribosomes 70s
Cellulose cell wall/ Peptidoglycan cell wall
Mitochondria for aerobic respiration/mesosome for aerobic respiration.
Large, often multicellular/ Small, often unicellular

33
Q

contrast 4 points about eukaryotic plant and animal cells.

A

plant/animal
cellulose cell wall/ no cell wall.
Large permanent vacuole/ small temporary vacuoles (vesicles).
contain chloroplasts/no chloroplasts.
no pseudopodia/some may have pseudopodia.

34
Q

what is a light microscope?

A

a type of microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify the visible light reflecting off a specimen.

35
Q

how can the magnification of an image be calculated?

A

magnification = size of image/ size of specimen

36
Q

describe cell theory

A

the cell is the fundamental unit of all life forms.
new cells can be formed from existing cells.
cells contain genetic material which can be transferred to daughter cells.

37
Q

what is a virus?

A

a non-living microorganism that consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein husk.

38
Q

how do viruses differ from prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (5 points)

A

Virus/prokaryotic and eukaryotic
non-living/living
smaller simpler structure/larger complex structure
genetic material in from of DNA and RNA/ genetic material in form of DNA
only reproduce within a host cell/ independent cell division, sexual or asexual.
no ribosomes/contain ribosomes

39
Q

how are multicellular organisms organised?

A

many cells make up a tissue
many tissues make up an organ
many organs make up an organ system

40
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells working together to carry out a specific function.

41
Q

define organ

A

a group of tissues working together to carry out a specific function

42
Q

define organ system

A

a group of organs working together to carry out a specific function

Biology Unit 1 ☁️ (7 decks)

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