Revision lecture Flashcards
What are factors affecting landing distance?
Deceleration & Landing Speed
What are examples of Deceleration?
- Weight, Braking, Runway slope, Surface conditions, Flap setting, power, pilot technique.
What are things which effect Landing speed?
True airspeed, wind component, flap settings and pilot technique.
What is true airspeed?
Density ( Pressure, temperature & humidity)
Who does section 20.7.4 apply to?
It applies to airplanes having maximum take-off weight which does not exclude 5700kgs when engaged in regular public/private operations and aerial work operations ( excluding agricultural operations). Unless CASA specifies that sections 20.7.1 or 20.7.2 apply.
What are Surface conditions?
( type, Smoothness, Hardness and contamination)
What is Dynamic hydroplaning?
Where the tyres are separated from the runway surface by a film of water.
What is Viscous hydroplaning?
Where a film of moisture covers the painted portion of a runway.
What are the three types of Hydroplaning/aquaplaning?
Viscous, Dynamic and reverted/ melted -rubber.
What is Reverted or melted-rubber hydroplaning?
Where locked wheels (on large aeroplanes) on a wet runway generate sufficient heat to boil the water and melt the rubber on the tyres and a mixture of steam and melted rubber separates the tyres from the runway surface.
What is dynamic hydroplaning speed equal to
= 9 √Tyre pressure (in PSI)
What is the CG?
Centre of Gravity which is a point at which the aircraft would balance if it were suspended at that point.
What does too far forward CG result in ?
nose of aeroplane being too heavy
What does too far rearward CG results in ?
results in nose of aeroplane being too light (tail heavy)
What does a “normal category” of aircraft in loading mean?
- Certified for non-aerobatic manoeuvres (normally limited to stalls and 60°AoB
- Typical load factor: +3.8g ~ -1.5g
What does a “utility category” of aircraft in loading mean?
Certified for limited aerobatic manoeuvres (e.g., Spin if certified)
Typical load factor: +4.5g ~ -1.8g
What is the equation for moving weight?
Total weight (W) x CG change(d) = Moving weight( w) x distance moved (D)
Work out this: The mass (also commonly known as take-off weight) of the aeroplane is 5,700 kg and the CG is computed to be 320cm aft of the datum. The aft CG limit is 280cm. Calculate the amount of freight that has to be moved from the rear freight compartment (385cm aft of the datum) to the forward baggage area (50cm aft of the datum) to move the CG to the aft limit.
Total weight= 5,700 kg
CG change = CG computed - CG limit
= 320- 280 = 40
Distance moved = original placing - moved distance
= 385-50 = 335cm
Weight moved = total weight (W) x CG change(d) % distance moved (D)
Weight moved = (5700x 40) % 335 = 680.60kgs
Work this out: The mass (also commonly known as take-off weight) of the aeroplane is 6,700 kg and the CG is computed to be 450cm aft of the datum. The aft CG limit is 150cm. Calculate the amount of freight that has to be moved from the rear freight compartment (495cm aft of the datum) to the forward baggage area (95cm aft of the datum) to move the CG to the aft limit.
total weight= 6,700 kg
CG change = CG computed - CG limit = 450- 150 = 300
Distance moved = original placing - moved distance
= 495-95 = 400cm
Weight moved = total weight (W) x CG change(d) % distance moved (D)
Weight moved = (6700x 300) % 400 = 5025kgs
Work this out: The mass (also commonly known as take-off weight) of the aeroplane is 2,000 kgs and the CG is computed to be 300cm aft of the datum. The aft CG limit is 275cm. Calculate the amount of freight that has to be moved from the rear freight compartment (390cm aft of the datum) to the forward baggage area (135cm aft of the datum) to move the CG to the aft limit
Total weight= 2000 kg
CG change = CG computed - CG limit
= 300- 275 = 25
Distance moved = original placing - moved distance
= 390-135=255cm
Weight moved = total weight (W) x CG change(d) % distance moved (D)
Weight moved = (2000x 25) % 255 = 196.08kgs
What are the types of icing?
Hoar frost, rime ice, mixed ice and clear ice
What are air masses?
“A large body of air which has acquired more or less homogeneous properties of temperature (and temperature lapse rate), humidity and stability”
What are the air source regions?
Tropical continental, Equatorial Maritime, Tropical Maritime and Polar Maritime
What are the types of turbulence?
Thermal (or Convective)
, Mountain waves (lee or standing),
Mechanical turbulence, Frontal turbulence,
Inversion turbulence,
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)
Synoptic (Mesoscale) turbulence, and low- level wind sheer
