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2023 Psychology ATAR > Revision for Test One (NS, Brain, Genes, Hormones, Drugs, Heredity) > Flashcards

Revision for Test One (NS, Brain, Genes, Hormones, Drugs, Heredity) Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (Structure)

A

Brain & Spinal cord

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (Function)

A

Receives & Transmits info to and from PNS

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3
Q

Brain (Structure)

A

3 parts; Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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4
Q

Brain (Function)

A

Command & Control Centre

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5
Q

Spinal Cord (Function)

A

Receives info from PNS, transmits it to the CNS; Receives info from the brain, sends it to other parts of the body (via PNS)

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6
Q

Peripheral NS (Structure)

A

All other nerves; Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Peripheral NS (Function)

A

Transmits messages to and from the CNS

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8
Q

Somatic NS (Function)

A

Receives sensory info from organs (e.g. skin & ears) and communicates info via the sensory nerves to the CNS & motor messages from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

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9
Q

Autonomic NS (Structure)

A

System of nerves connected to the heart, glands and smooth muscles

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10
Q

Autonomic NS (Function)

A

Network of neurons transmitting messages between brain and smooth muscles (found in heart, lungs, blood vessels & glands) via the spinal cord; Involuntary moves.

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10
Q

Autonomic NS (Function)

A

Network of neurons transmitting messages between brain and smooth muscles (found in heart, lungs, blood vessels & glands) via the spinal cord; Involuntary moves.

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11
Q

Sympathetic NS (function)

A

Arouses body to perform, act or react; fight, flight or freeze.

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12
Q

Parasympathetic (function)

A

Calms the body down to conserve energy; Rest & Digest; Takes over for normal day-to-day living & maintains normal bodily functions

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13
Q

Frontal Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

A

Voluntary movement, language & managing higher-level executive functions.
Contains:
Broca’s Area
Primary Motor Cortex

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14
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech Production - regulates breathing patterns while speaking and vocalisations required for normal speech.

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15
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Control voluntary movements through control of skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Parietal Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

A

Processes bodily sensations (touch (pressure and temp)) Helps you to understand where you are in relation to other things that your senses are picking up around you. SPATIAL AWARENESS
Contains:
Primary sensory cortex

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17
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex

A

Receives sensory input from the somatic senses & contributes to the integration of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement.

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

A

Vision (Visual perception)
Contains:
Primary Visual Cortex

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19
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Receives, segments and integrates visual information
(Processes the visual information to be sent to another area of the brain)

20
Q

Temporal Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

A

Processes auditory information and the encoding of memory.
Contains:
Wernicke’s area
Primary Auditory Cortex

21
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Comprehension of speech (area contains motor neurons) connected to Broca’s Area through the ARCUATE FASCICULUS

22
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Integrating and processing complex auditory signals

23
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of the transmission of information from one generation to the next through genetic inheritance that affects the traits of the offspring without alteration of the DNA or alteration that occurs from environmental factors.

24
Q

Adrenaline (effects) Is it a neurotransmitter or a hormone?

A

Both.
Effects as:
Neurotransmitter: metabolism, attention, focus, panic and excitement (small amount produced)
Hormone: (EPINEPHRINE) responder to stress - causes a fight, flight or freeze response.

25
Q

Noradrenaline (effects) Is it a neurotransmitter or a hormone?

A

Acts as both
Is a chemical messenger that helps transmit nerve signals across nerve endings to another nerve cell, muscle cell or gland cell.
Increases & maintains blood pressure, increases blood sugar levels to provide more energy to the body

26
Q

3 Differences between Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and Adrenaline (epinephrine)

A
  1. N has a more specific action, working mainly on alpha receptors to increase and maintain blood pressure VS. E(pinephrine) has more wide-ranging effects.
  2. N is continuously released into circulation at LOW levels VS. E is only released during times of stress.
  3. N is both a hormone & neurotransmitter of the sympathetic NS VS. E is mainly made in the adrenal medulla so acts more like a hormone, but small amounts are made in nerve fibres acting as a neurotransmitter.
27
Q

3 Differences between Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and Adrenaline (epinephrine)

A
  1. N has a more specific action, working mainly on alpha receptors to increase and maintain blood pressure VS. E(pinephrine) has more wide-ranging effects.
  2. N is continuously released into circulation at LOW levels VS. E is only released during times of stress.
  3. N is both a hormone & neurotransmitter of the sympathetic NS VS. E is mainly made in the adrenal medulla so acts more like a hormone, but small amounts are made in nerve fibres acting as a neurotransmitter
28
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Substances that affect mental processes

29
Q

Depressant Def & example

A

Calms activity of NS & slows the body’s functions
- Alcohol

30
Q

Stimulants Def & Example

A

Excites the NS & arouse body function
- Caffeine

31
Q

Hallucinogens Def & example

A

Change our perceptions & gives use sensory images without input from the senses themselves
- LSD

32
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Defict in language production

33
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay centre for vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.

34
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to comprehend or formulate language due to damage to specific brain regions.

35
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Aphasia type characterised by partial loss of the ability to produce language (manual, spoken and written) - comprehension generally remains intact.
Exhibits:
Effortful speech - includes important content words but leaves out function words that have more grammatical significance than physical meaning such as prepositions and articles.

36
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to comprehend written material.
Ability to write and the spell is intact - but unable to spontaneously read (even if written seconds ago).
Other features of language such as speech comprehension are usually intact.
Damage most often involves the left occipital lobe.

37
Q

Agraphia

A

Acquired neurological disorder
Loss in ability to communicate through writing (due to some form of motor dysfunction or inability to spell).
Causes:
Strokes, lesions, traumatic brain injury, and dementia.
- There are many causes.

38
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words and sentences is impaired but ease of producing connected speech is not very affected.
- Can produce many words (grammatically correct w/ normal rate) but they often don’t make sense or sentences are peppered with non-existent or irrelevant words.
- May fail to realise they’re using the wrong words and not fully aware that what they say doesn’t make sense.

39
Q

Heredity def

A

Passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents

40
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands.
Travel through bloodstream and affects other parts of the body.
In the brain they influence interest in food, sex, our moods and our growth.

41
Q

Hippocampus Function

A

regulating LEARNING, MEMORY encoding, MEMORY consolidation and SPATIAL navigation

42
Q

Limbic system

A

Part of brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses (survival functions - feeding, repro, caring for young & fight or flight responses)

43
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Sends sensory signals from sensory organs to CNS

44
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Sends motor commands from the CNS to sensory organs to initiate actions

45
Q

What Neurotransmitter do both Somatic & Autonomic have?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

46
Q

Serotonin

A

Controls mood and is responsible for happiness

47
Q

Dopamine

A

Allows you to feel pleasure, satisfaction and motivation

2023 Psychology ATAR (13 decks)

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