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Revision flashcards

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1
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

A central metal ion or atom surrounded by coordinately bonded ligand

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2
Q

What is a coordinate bond?

A

A dative covalent bond

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3
Q

What is a ligand?

A

An atom, ion or molecule that donates at least one lone pair of electrons to a central transition metal ion forming a dative covalent bond

A ligand must have at least 1 lone pair
1 lone pair = monodentate
2 lone pairs = bidentate
More than 2 lone pairs = polydentate

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4
Q

What is the coordination number?

A

The number of coordinate bonds
6 = octahedral
4 = tetrahedral though sometimes square planar

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5
Q

What are the rate constant units?

A

mol dm-3 s-1

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6
Q

What is zero order?

A

If [A] changes and the rate stays the same, the order of reaction with respect to [A] is zero order

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7
Q

What is first order?

A

If the [A] is proportional to the rate the order of reaction is first order

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8
Q

What is second order?

A

If the rate is proportional to [A]2 the order is second order

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9
Q

Overall order =

A

The sum of orders of all reactants

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10
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

Are themselves oxidised
Donates electrons

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11
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A

Are themselves reduced
Accept electrons

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12
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

An carbon atom which has 4 different groups

If a molecule has more than one chiral centre it has more than two optical isomers

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13
Q

What is an enantiomer/optical isomer?

A

Have a chiral carbon
Non-super imposable mirror images
They rotate around plane-polarised light which only vibrates in one direction
One enantiomer rotates in the clockwise direction and the other in the anti-clockwise

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14
Q

What is a pharmacophore?

A

The part of a drug that fits into the receptor site and makes it medicinally active

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15
Q

What 3 things does the fit of a pharmacophore depend on?

A

1) Size and shape - must be complementary to the receptor site
2) Orientation - if its shows E/Z isomerism only one of the isomers will fit
3) Bond formation - functional groups in the pharmacophore will form temporary bonds which are mostly ionic interactions or intermolecular forces
– Dipole-dipole forces in pharmacophores with polar groups
H bonding in alcohols, amines or carboxylic acids
Ionic interactions - acidic and base functional groups can donate or accept protons to become changed and form electrostatic attractions

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16
Q

Amines

A

Organic derivatives of ammonia

If one of the hydrogens in NH3 are replaced with an R group you have a primary amine

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17
Q

Why are amines bases?

A

They have a lone pair which accepts electrons to form a cation
The lone pair on the nitrogen can form a dative bond with a H+ ion

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18
Q

Testing for amines

A

Test for using damp red litmus paper which turns blue
OR
A small amount of an acyl chloride which would give of white fumes of HCl gas

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19
Q

How can amines be neutralised?

A

Using an ammonium salt

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20
Q

What is a salt?

A

A chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions which results in a compound with no overall net charge

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21
Q

What are 3 methods of preventing rusting?

A

Painting/coating
Oiling/greasing
Sacrificial method -
This involved placing a more reactive metal with the iron
Galvanizing - a coating of zinc
OR blocks of zinc can be bolted to the iron

22
Q

Why are transition metals transition metals?

A

Part filled d-orbitals

23
Q

What does it mean if an atom economy is high?

A

The higher the atom economy the more efficient the process as less waste products are produced

24
Q

How do you calculate atom economy?

A

Mr of desired product / sum of Mr of all reactants
x 100

Assuming the yield is 100%

The number of moles in the chemical equation count

25
Q

Calculating e nought

A

more positive - more negative

26
Q

What does it mean if a molecule is chiral?

A

Non-super imposable mirror images
Or 4 different groups attached to a carbon atom

27
Q

Electronegativity definition

A

The ability of an atom to attract a pair of electrons in a covalent bond

28
Q

Test for phenol using sodium hydroxide

A

Solution turns colourless if phenol present

29
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated

A

Saturated - no carbon carbon double bonds

Unsaturated - one or more carbon carbon double bonds

30
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

Electron pair acceptors - attracted to areas electron rich e.g a double bond

The double bond is a nucleophile

31
Q

Give the orders of radiation with increasing frequency and energy (so shorter wavelength)

A

Radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

32
Q

Energy of a photon =

A

Planck’s constant (h) x frequency (v)

33
Q

Frequency =

A

speed of light (c) / wavelength

34
Q

New equation to find energy =

A

Planck’s constant (h) x speed of light (c)

/ wavelength

35
Q

What is a pi bond?

A
36
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A
37
Q

Acid + metal

A

Salt and hydrogen gas

38
Q

How do pd-pds arise

A

Due to differences in electronegativity in a covalent bond

39
Q

How do id-ids arise

A

Due to uneven distributions of electrons that cause a temporary dipole that induces another dipole in an adjacent molecule

40
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

41
Q

Describe the mechanism of heterogenous catalysis

A

Heterogenous adsorption of reactants
Bonds weaken and break
New bonds form
Products released from catalyst

42
Q

Why would the data book value for enthalpy change differ from experimental values?

A

Bond enthalpies aren’t in standard state
Bond enthalpy values are averages

43
Q

Formation of ozone (5 steps)

A

Formation of oxygen atoms from dissociation of water by UV
O + O -> O2 formed by photosynthesis
O2 + O -> O3
Ozone is decomposed O3 -> O2 + O
Absorbs UV from sunlight

44
Q

Why do dyes absorb light

A

Electrons in the extended delocalised system move to higher energy levels
E=hv

45
Q

Cation and anion charges

A

Cation positive
Anion negative

46
Q

What is a salt bridge made of?

A

Filter paper
Potassium nitrate

47
Q

Atomic emission spectrum question

A

Electrons are excited and move to higher energy levels
Electrons drop energy levels emitting a photon of light
E=hv
Frequency of energy emitted is proportional to gaps between energy levels

48
Q

Why is an element more reactive or difference in melting point

A

More delocalised electrons
So attracts electrons more strongly/greater attraction for electrons

49
Q

Equilibrium 6 marker

A

Increase/decrease in pressure
The effect on the rate
Which side has fewer moles?
More frequent collisions would increase the rate of reaction
A catalyst would increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternative route of lower Ea though would have no effect on equilibrium position
Is the reaction exo or endo? - so which side would be favoured?

50
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron deficient chemical species which accepts a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

51
Q

Ligands and colours

A

Ligands affect splitting of d sub shells
Electrons excited to a higher energy level
Specific frequency of visible light absorbed
E=hv
Transmit complementary colour

Chemistry (12 decks)

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