Organic synthesis Flashcards
Alkane to alkene
Cracking
Alkene to addition polymer
Polymerisation
Alkane to haloalkane
Halogen and UV light
Or sunlight
Alkene to alkane
Hydrogen gas
5 atm
150c
Nickel catalyst
OR platinum catalyst at room temp and pressure
Addition reaction
Alkene to haloalkane
HX(aq)
Room temp
Electrophilic addition
Haloalkane to nitrile
Reflux
NaCN in aq ethanol
Substitution
Haloalkane to amine
Conc NH3 (aq)
Sealed tube
Substitution
Alkene to alcohol
300c
Steam
60atm
H3PO4 catalyst
Electrophilic addition reaction
OR
H2SO4 catalyst and cold water
Alcohol to alkene
Reflux
Conc H2SO4
Followed by water
Elimination reaction
Haloalkane to alcohol
Reflux with aqueous NaOH
Nucleophilic substitution
Alcohol to ether
H2SO4
Heat
Primary alcohols only
Alcohol to aldehyde
Acidified potassium dichromate
Primary only
Distillation
Aldehyde to alcohol
LiBH4
Carboxylic acid to ester
Alcohol
Conc H2SO4 as a catalyst
Reflux
Esterifiication
Ester to carboxylic acid
Reflux
Dilute acid
Water
Hydrolysis
Alcohol to ketone
Secondary only
Reflux
Acidified potassium dichromate
Ketone to alcohol
NaBH4
Acyl chloride to ester
ROH
Room temp
Acylation
Acyl chloride to secondary amide
Reflux primary amide
RNH2
Room temp
Acylation
Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
Water
Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
Reflux
SOCl2
Substitution
Alcohol to carboxylic acid
Reflux
Primary only
Acidified potassium dichromate
Nitrile to primary amine
LiAlH4
Lithium aluminium hydride
Amide to carboxylic acid
H2SO4
Heat
Alcohol to haloalkane
Reflux
Conc H2SO4
Substitution reaction
Na halide (NaBr(s))
Alcohol to ketone
Reflux
Acidified potassium dichromate
Secondary only
Acyl chloride to primary amide
Room temp
Acylation
conc. NH3(aq)
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid
Reflux
Acidified potassium dichromate
Aldehyde to alcohol
NaBH4
Reduction
What is an addition reaction?
Two molecules join together to form a single product
Involves breaking a double bond
What is an elimination reaction?
Involves removing a functional group which is released as part of a small molecules
A double bond is often formed
What is a substitution reaction?
A functional group on a molecule is swapped for a new one
What is a condensation reaction?
Two molecules join together with the loss of a small molecule, such as water
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is used to split apart a molecule creating two smaller ones
What is an oxidation reaction?
A loss of electrons
In organic chemistry it usually means gaining an oxygen atom or losing a hydrogen atom
What is a reduction reaction?
A gain of electrons
In organic chemistry it usually means gaining a hydrogen atom or losing an oxygen atom
Alcohol and acidanhydride
Ester
