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B9W2 > REVISION EXTRAS > Flashcards

REVISION EXTRAS Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 things can cause meningitis?

A

infection, adverse reaction to meds and autoimmune diseases

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2
Q

what microorganisms usually cause acute meningitis and which cause chronic?

A

bacteria and viral usually cause acute

fungi cause chronic

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3
Q

whats examples of viruses that can cause meningitis?

A

herpes simplex virus
HIV
enteroviruses e.g. coxsackie

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4
Q

what are enteroviruses?

A

a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that enter hosts through the intestine

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5
Q

what are the 3 main symptoms of meningitis?

A

nuchal rigidity
headache
fever

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6
Q

what findings would you expect to see in a lumbar puncture on a patient with meningitis?

A

elevated opening pressure
WCC >5 per microlitre
glucose concentration less than 2/3rds of blood glucose concentration
protein >50mg/dL

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7
Q

why do we see elevated protein levels in the CSF in meningitis?

A

inflammation leads to a more permeable blood brain barrier so protein leaks into the subarachnoid space from the blood, resulting in markedly increased CSF protein levels.

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8
Q

what are the main bacterial causes of meningitis in newborns?

A

group B strep, E. coli, and less commonly, Listeria monocytogenes

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9
Q

what are the main bacterial causes of meningitis in children and teens?

A

Neisseria meningitis and streptococcus pneumoniae

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10
Q

what are the main bacterial causes of meningitis in adults?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae and listeria monocytogenes

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11
Q

what is powassan?

A

a rare tick-borne disease caused by a virus that causes meningoencephalitis

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12
Q

other than bacteria, virus and fungi… what other causative organisms can cause meningitis?

A

ticks
tuberculosis
parasite

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13
Q

what parasite can cause meningitis?

A

p. falciparum

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14
Q

which fungi can cause meningitis?

A

candida

cryptococcus

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of horizontal gene transmission?

A

conjugation
transduction
transformation

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16
Q

what is conjugation in horizontal gene transfer?

A

pilli attaches 2 bacteria and the plasmid containing the resistant gene can be replicated and passed on via direct contact

17
Q

what is transduction in horizontal gene transfer?

A

DNA is transmitted from one cell to another via a bacteriophage

18
Q

what is transformation in horizontal gene transfer?

A

extracellular naked DNA from bacterial lysis is taken up by cells that have developed genetic competence

19
Q

what produces CSF?

A

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

20
Q

outline the movement of CSF?

A

secreted into the lateral ventricles
moves through interventricular foramen into the 3rd ventricle
moves through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
flows out the 2 lateral and 1 medial aperture to fill the subarachnoid space

21
Q

where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

arachnoid granulations and into the dural venous sinuses

22
Q

what are the functions of the choroid plexus?

A

synthesis of CSF

blood brain barrier

23
Q

what are the functions of the CSF?

A

removal of waste proucts
shock absorbance
nourishes brain tissue

24
Q

what are the most common causes of bacterial pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumonia
haemophilus influenzae
staph aureus

25
Q

what are some uncommon bacteria that cause atypical pneumonia?

A

mycoplasma, legionella and chlamydia

26
Q

which microorganism is lobar pneumonia mostly associated with?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

27
Q

what viruses are common for pneumoniae?

A

influenza

respiratory syncytial virus - mostly children

28
Q

what are the different types of pneumonia

A 
lobar
broncho
atypical/interstitial
aspiration
community acquired
nosocomial
29
Q

what are some complications of pneumonia?

A

sepsis
lung abscess
acute respiratory distress syndrome
respiratory failure

B9W2 (9 decks)

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