Revision

Question 1

What are the two biological explanations of schizophrenia?

Answer 1

Dopamine + glutamate hypothesis.

Question 2

What are the two treatments of schizophrenia?

Answer 2

Typical vs atypical antipsychotics.

Question 3

What leads to anxiety disorders?

Answer 3

Increased amygdala activation - altered HPA function + fear conditioning response.
HPA axis - production of cortisol.
Regulated by amygdala and hippoccampus.

Question 4

Where is fear conditioning located?

Answer 4

Amygdala.

Question 5

Where is extinction located?

Answer 5

VPC.

Question 6

What are the two treatments of anxiety disorders?

Answer 6

GABA or serotonin.

Question 7

What is broad sense?

Answer 7

Biological capacity and intention for language.

Question 8

What is narrow sense?

Answer 8

Deep + surface structure of language.

Question 9

What is the main model of language?

Answer 9

Wernicke-Geschwind model.

Question 10

What are the two main theories of motivation and eating?

Answer 10

Drive reduction - behaviour motivated by biological need to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis).
Incentive theory - behaviour motivated by rewards.

Question 11

Name some major theories of emotion.

Answer 11

Darwin.
James-Lange.
Cannon-Bard.
Schachter.

Question 12

What are the main areas involved in emotion processing?

Answer 12

Paper circuit. 
Hypothalamus. 
PFC. 
Amygdala. 
Subcortical circuit.

Question 13

What are the main mechanisms regulating sleep?

Answer 13

Circadian rhythms, light/dark cycle, reticular formation blocks ascending + descending pathways, cortisol + melatonin.

Question 14

What are the 3 main hormones involved in sex differences?

Answer 14

Testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone.

Question 15

What are the main hormones involved in sexual behaviour?

Answer 15

Vasopressin, oxytocin, testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone.

Question 16

Where is STM located?

Answer 16

Parietal cortex + PFC.

Question 17

Where is LTM located?

Answer 17

Inferior temporal cortex, hippo, thalamus + basal ganglia.

Question 18

How are memories stored?

Answer 18

In cell assemblies.

Question 19

What are the two different types of learning and what can they be broken up into?

Answer 19

Non-associative learning - habituation + sensitisation.

Associative learning - classical + operant conditioning.

Question 20

What are the two main processes involved in declarative learning?

Answer 20

Long-term potentiation + long-term depression.

Question 21

What does protein synthesis lead to?

Answer 21

Occurs in LTM and leads to synaptic growth.

Question 22

What kind of recovery is possible after having a stroke?

Answer 22

Motor - mostly all of it.
Cognitive - difficult improvement after 6 months.
Language deficits after stroke.

Question 23

What is the main type of development plasticity?

Answer 23

Synaptic pruning.

Question 24

What is compensation?

Answer 24

Plasticity in ageing requires recruitment of additional brain areas if others stop functioning.

Question 25

What topic can strokes link to?

Answer 25

Language.

Question 26

What topic can anxiety + schizophrenia link to?

Answer 26

Emotions.

Question 27

What topic can motivation + eating link to?

Answer 27

Sexual behaviour.

Question 28

What topic can Alzheimer’s disease link to?

Answer 28

Memory. 
Learning. 
Sleep. 
Hippocampal lesions. 
Neurodegenerative diseases - Alzheimer's. 
Brain plasticity.