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Metabolism > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Lysine charge

A

positive

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2
Q

how many genes in the human body

A

25000

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3
Q

how many proteins in the human bodyb

A

1 million

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4
Q

what entropy change is free energy changed linked to

A

the entropy change of the surroundings

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5
Q

what does lysozyme hydrolyse

A

alternating copolymers of N-acetyl glucosamine

N-acetyl muramic acid

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6
Q

enzyme that catalyses glucose to G6P

A

hexokinase

glucokinase in the liver

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7
Q

enzyme for fructose- 1,6- bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

aldolase

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8
Q

why is regeneration of NAD+ essential

A

for the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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9
Q

coenzyme produced by ketogenesis in the liver

A

NAD+

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10
Q

coenzyme thaht can stop lactic acid building up

A

CoA

maybe NAD+??

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11
Q

which stage of the TCA cycle produces FADH2

A

succinate to fumarate

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12
Q

where do all the ATP molecules come from in the whole of respiration

A

glycolysis = 2 + 2NADH = 8ATP
pyruvate dehydrogenase 2NADH = 6ATP
TCA = 2x(1GTP+3NADH+1FADH2) = 24ATP
net = 38ATP

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13
Q

what enantiomeric forms does glutamate exist in

A

L and D

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14
Q

proportions of acidic and basic AA in proteins

A

varies

dictate structure and function of the protein

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15
Q

example of highly basic protein

A

in the granules of eosinophils

makes it cytotoxic to parasites

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16
Q

relationship between leucine and isoleucine

A

distinct

cant be synthesised by mammals

17
Q

glutamate in blood clotting pathways

A

undergoes post-translational modification generate gamma-carboxyglutamate residues
the carboxyl = increased affinity for Ca - necessary for blood clotting

18
Q

how does warfarin work

A

by inhibiting the post-translational modification of glutamate

19
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

for a reaction to proceed to products with greater entropy - free energy of products must be less that the free energy of the reactants

20
Q

change in gibbs for hydrolysis of 1 phosphoanhydride bond

A

31kj/mol

21
Q

affect of high pH on lysozyme

A

glutamate becomes ionised - COO-

loss of function

22
Q

what does NAD+ accept

A

a hydrogen atom and 2 electrons

23
Q

summarise glycolysis

A

first steps involve addition of 2 high energy phosphate groups to 6C glucose
this splits to make 2 3C molecules and the phosphate groups recovered to make ATP
a symmetrical high energy compound is made

24
Q

steps in link reaction

A
  1. Decarboxylation of pyruvate to give hydroxyethyl TPP.
  2. Oxidation and transfer of hydroxyethyl TPP to lipoamide to give acetylipoamide.
  3. Transfer of the acetyl group acetylipoamide to CoA to give acetyl CoA.
  4. Regeneration of the oxidised lipoamide generating FADH2.
  5. Regeneration of oxidised FAD, by NAD+ generating NADH.
25
Q

where does the malate aspartate shuttle mainly occur

A

the liver, kidneys and the heart

26
Q

difference in structure between NADP+ and NAD

A

there is a phosphate group on the 2nd ribose in NADP+

27
Q

ATP synthase

A

discs of C subunits rotate
gamma subunits also rotate - asymettrical
forces structural change in B subunit between 3 states - open, loose binding and tight binding

28
Q

action of the Golgi on lysosomal proteins

A

phosphorylation of mannose

29
Q

direction of protein transport between the Golgi and ER

A

both dirns

30
Q

measuring the rate of metabolism

A

estimated using CO2 outpiut

31
Q

input of energy into the body

A

occurs in large singular doses (meals)

32
Q

why is molecular oxygen the ideal terminal step for electron transport within the chain

A

it has a high affinity for e-

33
Q

ER signal sequence

A

at N-terminus of newly formed polypeptide chain that directs the engaged ribosome to the ER membrane

34
Q

tagging of proteins destined for trafficking to lysosomes

A

mannose is phosphorylated at position 6

tagged proteins can then be recognised at the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and thereby targeted to lysosomes

35
Q

I-cell disease

A

from mutations in phosphotransferase enzyme which catalyses the reaction and targets lysosomal enzymes such as lysosomal hydrolase to the lysosome

36
Q

where are proteins sorted into endosomes

A

the trans-Golgi network

37
Q

Robinow syndrome

A

ROR2 involved in early formation of chondrocytes and growth plate development
lack of cell surface expression due to failure in cell surface trafficking results in dysmorphic facial appearance and vertebral malformations

38
Q

pinocytosis

A

taking in ECF

non-specific

Metabolism (12 decks)

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